Table 1 Excerpt from the DEMIG POLICY database
Country | Year | Policy change | Policy area | Policy tool | Target group | Target origin | Restrictiveness | Magnitude |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Germany | 1961 | Labour agreement with Turkey - to recruit guest workers | Legal entry and stay | Recruitment programmes | Low-skilled workers | Specific nationalities (Turkey) | Less restrictive (−1) | Mid-level change (3) |
South Korea | 1975 | Amendment to the Emigration Law of 1962 - to prevent high-ranking government officials, including judges and presidents of national corporations, from leaving | Exit | Exit visa/permit or exit ban | Skilled/high- skilled workers | Citizens | More restrictive (+1) | Mid-level change (3) |
United States | 1986 | Immigration Reform and Control Act (ERCA or Simpson-Mazzoli Act) - introduced the General Legalization Program whereby unauthorized immigrants who were in continuous residence since January 1, 1982 were eligible for temporary legal status | Legal entry and stay | Regularisation | Irregular migrants | All foreign nationalities | Less restrictive (−1) | Major change (4) |
India | 2004 | Citizenship (Amendment) Act 2003, came into force in 2004 - regulated citizenship for persons who are married to a citizen of India and are ordinarily resident in India for 7 years (5 years pre\iously) | Integration | Access to citizenship | Family members | All foreign nationalities | More restrictive (+1) | Fine-tuning change (1) |
Italy | 2009 | Law 94 or Part II of the “Pacchetto Sicurezza” (“Security Package”) - made it possible to keep illegal immigrants up to 180 days (previously 60 days) in so- called Identification and Expulsion Centres | Border and land control | Detention | Irregular migrants | All foreign nationalities | More restrictive (+1) | Minor change (2) |
Italy | 2009 | Law 94 or Part II of the “Pacchetto Sicurezza” (“Security Package”) - made conditions easier for foreigners graduating from an Italian university, who now have 12 months to find a job | Integration | Work visa/permit | International students | All foreign nationalities | Less restrictive (−1) | Mid-level change (3) |