Irregular status, territorial confinement, and blocked transnationalism: legal constraints on circulation and remittances of Senegalese migrants in France, Italy, and Spain

Vickstrom, Erik R.; Beauchemin, Cris

doi:10.1186/s40878-016-0037-8

Comparative Migration Studies

Table 1 Descriptive statistics for MAFE-Senegal sample, by destination and legal status

From: Irregular status, territorial confinement, and blocked transnationalism: legal constraints on circulation and remittances of Senegalese migrants in France, Italy, and Spain

Variable	France								Spain								Italy
	Fully irregular		Mixed (no RP)		Mixed (no WP)		Fully regular		Fully irregular		Mixed (no RP)		Mixed (no WP)		Fully regular		Fully irregular		Mixed (no RP)		Mixed (no WP)		Fully regular
	mean	sd	mean	sd	mean	sd	mean	sd	mean	sd	mean	sd	mean	sd	mean	sd	mean	sd	mean	sd	mean	sd	mean	sd
Short returns	0.03	0.17	0.17	0.37	0.17	0.38	0.39	0.49	0.03	0.17	0.36	0.49	0.22	0.42	0.31	0.46	0.08	0.27	0.28	0.45	0.25	0.43	0.43	0.50
Remitting to Senegal	0.51	0.50	0.72	0.45	0.51	0.50	0.76	0.43	0.68	0.47	0.68	0.48	0.57	0.50	0.78	0.41	0.50	0.50	0.84	0.37	0.70	0.46	0.81	0.40
Entry status: no visa	0.37	0.48	0.00	0.00	0.35	0.48	0.35	0.48	0.59	0.49	0.20	0.41	0.39	0.49	0.34	0.47	0.54	0.50	0.23	0.43	0.79	0.41	0.60	0.49
Years in destination	4.88	3.98	10.50	8.02	9.65	9.16	12.50	9.30	2.53	1.72	3.90	2.26	6.51	5.47	7.60	5.28	3.80	3.76	6.56	5.04	7.84	5.68	9.13	5.56
Period of arrival: post-1990	0.57	0.50	0.15	0.35	0.37	0.48	0.34	0.47	0.93	0.25	1.00	0.00	0.80	0.40	0.79	0.41	0.82	0.39	0.83	0.38	0.72	0.45	0.66	0.47
Age at start of current migration spell	26.10	9.14	26.20	6.25	28.40	7.28	26.70	7.12	28.40	7.24	27.50	5.69	27.80	6.40	28.10	6.89	27.70	5.64	27.00	4.65	26.50	5.18	26.30	5.74
Sex: Male	0.52	0.50	0.72	0.45	0.56	0.50	0.60	0.49	0.87	0.33	0.75	0.44	0.46	0.50	0.82	0.39	0.86	0.35	0.92	0.27	0.83	0.38	0.94	0.24
Years of education	9.56	6.56	6.71	7.18	9.27	7.98	9.81	6.72	5.43	4.94	2.37	4.01	5.12	5.78	7.24	5.19	9.05	4.23	10.40	3.76	9.01	5.08	10.50	4.45
Ethnicity: Wolof	0.35	0.48	0.42	0.50	0.39	0.49	0.26	0.44	0.67	0.47	0.04	0.21	0.47	0.50	0.49	0.50	0.79	0.41	0.75	0.44	0.74	0.44	0.85	0.36
Religion: Mouride	0.41	0.49	0.39	0.49	0.16	0.37	0.15	0.36	0.35	0.48	0.23	0.43	0.48	0.50	0.36	0.48	0.75	0.43	0.61	0.49	0.61	0.49	0.66	0.47
Unemployed	0.02	0.13	0.01	0.12	0.01	0.08	0.03	0.17	0.06	0.24	0.08	0.28	0.02	0.14	0.03	0.18	0.10	0.29	0.03	0.16	0.03	0.17	0.01	0.11
Employed	0.64	0.48	0.90	0.31	0.69	0.46	0.77	0.42	0.88	0.32	0.79	0.42	0.52	0.50	0.94	0.24	0.89	0.32	0.97	0.16	0.83	0.38	0.97	0.16
Inactive	0.34	0.48	0.09	0.29	0.30	0.46	0.20	0.40	0.06	0.23	0.13	0.34	0.46	0.50	0.03	0.17	0.02	0.13	0.00	0.00	0.14	0.35	0.01	0.12
Occupation: self-employed	0.09	0.29	0.31	0.47	0.12	0.32	0.03	0.18	0.38	0.49	0.13	0.35	0.29	0.45	0.17	0.37	0.46	0.50	0.08	0.28	0.21	0.41	0.15	0.36
Self-reported economic status: good	0.22	0.42	0.03	0.16	0.03	0.17	0.05	0.22	0.02	0.13	0.00	0.00	0.02	0.15	0.03	0.16	0.04	0.19	0.10	0.30	0.11	0.32	0.15	0.35
Number of contacts at destination	2.09	2.21	1.05	1.57	3.46	2.68	4.44	2.85	1.87	1.75	1.45	1.54	3.00	2.08	2.35	1.96	2.08	1.89	3.17	2.32	2.29	2.22	2.24	2.04
Number of trips	1.74	0.88	1.32	0.92	1.71	1.07	1.43	1.00	1.47	0.78	1.22	0.54	1.34	0.61	1.45	0.80	1.37	0.66	1.26	0.47	1.32	0.66	1.45	0.96
Does not speak language of destination	0.16	0.37	0.00	0.00	0.14	0.35	0.05	0.22	0.67	0.47	0.77	0.43	0.68	0.47	0.59	0.49	0.60	0.49	0.53	0.50	0.73	0.44	0.53	0.50
Kids in Senegal	0.42	0.49	0.41	0.49	0.33	0.47	0.19	0.39	0.33	0.47	0.17	0.39	0.39	0.49	0.35	0.48	0.41	0.49	0.42	0.50	0.44	0.50	0.55	0.50
Spouse in Senegal	0.26	0.44	0.45	0.50	0.23	0.42	0.19	0.39	0.47	0.50	0.05	0.22	0.19	0.40	0.44	0.50	0.54	0.50	0.48	0.50	0.54	0.50	0.63	0.48
Geographic origin: from Dakar	0.20	0.40	0.13	0.34	0.26	0.44	0.21	0.41	0.30	0.46	0.14	0.35	0.20	0.40	0.33	0.47	0.51	0.50	0.45	0.50	0.34	0.47	0.45	0.50
Father's ed.: less than secondary school	0.64	0.48	0.74	0.44	0.65	0.48	0.62	0.49	0.78	0.42	0.88	0.34	0.77	0.42	0.82	0.38	0.80	0.40	0.75	0.44	0.67	0.47	0.72	0.45
Trip paid by family	0.38	0.49	0.28	0.45	0.52	0.50	0.48	0.50	0.27	0.44	0.13	0.34	0.50	0.50	0.27	0.44	0.25	0.43	0.23	0.42	0.42	0.49	0.31	0.46
Plan to stay: definitive	0.42	0.49	0.04	0.20	0.21	0.41	0.35	0.48	0.62	0.49	0.81	0.40	0.74	0.44	0.58	0.49	0.65	0.48	0.52	0.50	0.58	0.49	0.65	0.48
Trip motivation: work/better life	0.46	0.50	0.73	0.45	0.41	0.49	0.42	0.49	0.73	0.44	0.79	0.42	0.18	0.38	0.68	0.47	0.80	0.40	0.79	0.41	0.48	0.50	0.91	0.28
At least one parent alive in Senegal	0.91	0.28	0.88	0.33	0.93	0.26	0.75	0.44	0.89	0.31	0.95	0.23	0.86	0.34	0.81	0.40	0.74	0.44	0.93	0.25	0.81	0.40	0.81	0.39
Legal status	mean				sd				mean				sd				mean				sd
Fully irregular	0.13				0.34				0.26				0.44				0.21				0.4
Mixed (no RP)	0.031				0.17				0.027				0.16				0.063				0.24
Mixed (no WP)	0.1				0.3				0.055				0.23				0.12				0.33
Fully regular	0.74				0.44				0.65				0.48				0.61				0.49
N (person-years)	3677								2098								2413
N (trips)	768

Source: MAFE-Senegal. Notes: sampling probability weights applied

Back to article page