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Table 4 List of variables

From: Full membership or equal rights? The link between naturalisation and integration policies for immigrants in 29 European states

MIPEX – Measure of inclusiveness of national integration policies. This variable is the simple average of seven policy areas: labour market mobility, family reunion, education, political participation, long-term residence, access to nationality, and anti-discrimination

MIPEX_AN – Measure of inclusiveness of access to nationality for ordinary immigrants and their descendants. This variable is the simple average of four dimensions, composed of twenty indicators: eligibility (residence requirements for first generation and presence of ius soli for second and third generation); conditions (inclusiveness of language, integration, economic resource, criminal, and good character requirements as well as time limit and fees); security of status (level of discretion and judicial oversight in the procedure and limits on loss of citizenship); dual nationality (right to dual nationality for the first and second generation).

MIPEX_PP – Measure of the political opportunity structure for non-EU citizens. This variable is the simple average of four dimensions of political participation, composed of 15 indicators: electoral rights (passive and active voting rights at regional and local level); political liberties (right to form political associations, political parties, and media); consultative bodies (presence and strength at national, regional, and local level); implementation policies (presence of state information campaigns on political rights and funding for immigrant political associations).

MIPEX_LMM – Measure of the inclusiveness of labour market policies for non-EU citizens. This variable is the simple average of four dimensions of labour market mobility, composed of 16 indicators: access (equal legal access to all job sectors); access to general support (equal legal access to employment services, education, training, and recognition of qualifications); targeted support (policies to address specific needs of unemployed immigrants); workers’ rights (equal rights in terms of social security, working conditions, and unions).

MIPEX_LTR – Measure of inclusiveness of access to long-term residence for ordinary non-EU citizens. This variable is the simple average of four dimensions, composed of seventeen indicators: eligibility (residence requirements); conditions (inclusiveness of language, integration, and economic resource requirements as well as time limit and fees); security of status (level of discretion and judicial oversight in the procedure); rights associated (equal economic and social rights as nationals)

MIPEX_FreU – Measure of inclusiveness of right to family reunion for ordinary non-EU citizens. This variable is the simple average of four dimensions, composed of twenty indicators: eligibility (residence requirements and inclusiveness of definition of the family); conditions (inclusiveness of pre-departure, language, integration, and economic resource requirements as well as time limit and fees); security of status (level of discretion and judicial oversight in the procedure); rights associated (equal economic and social rights as sponsor and access to a residence permit autonomous of the sponsor).

CITLAW_CITIMP – Measure of inclusiveness of access to nationality for ordinary immigrants and their descendants. The variable captures both the inclusiveness of the legal eligibility criteria (i.e. residence, language, integration, economic resources, criminal record/good character, and renunciation of foreign nationality) as well as the inclusiveness of implementation measures (i.e. promotion activities, documentation requirements, administrative discretion, bureaucratic procedures, and judicial review). The variable is calculated as the arithmetic mean of scores for CITLAW Indicator ‘ANATORD’ and CITIMP Indicator ‘CITIMP’