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Table 4 KHB decomposition of effects of legal status categories on remitting via short returns

From: Irregular status, territorial confinement, and blocked transnationalism: legal constraints on circulation and remittances of Senegalese migrants in France, Italy, and Spain

 

Legal status (ref: fully regular or visa at entry)

Total effect (= direct + indirect)

Direct effect

Indirect effect

Confounding ratio (total/direct)

Confounding percentage (indirect/total)

Indirect/direct ratio

Pooled

Fully irregular

−2.122***

−1.828***

−0.293***

1.16

13.81 %

0.16

Mixed (no RP)

0.817+

0.985**

−0.169***

0.83

−20.69 %

−0.17

Mixed (no WP)

−0.725**

−0.584*

−0.141**

1.24

19.45 %

0.24

No visa at entry

−0.39

−0.39

−0.0043

1.00

1.10 %

0.01

France

Fully irregular

−0.63+

−0.34

−0.30***

1.85

48 %

0.88

Mixed (no RP)

2.07**

2.31***

−0.23**

0.90

−11 %

−0.10

Mixed (no WP)

−0.81*

−0.63+

−0.19**

1.29

23 %

0.30

No visa at entry

0.49

0.44

0.048

1.11

10 %

0.11

Spain

Fully irregular

−3.46***

−3.32***

−0.14

1.04

4 %

0.04

Mixed (no RP)

−1.16

−1.20

0.040

0.97

−3 %

−0.03

Mixed (no WP)

−1.10*

−1.06+

−0.04

1.04

4 %

0.04

No visa at entry

−3.14***

−3.11***

−0.02

1.01

1 %

0.01

Italy

Fully irregular

−3.19***

−2.54***

−0.65***

1.26

20 %

0.26

Mixed (no RP)

−0.08

0.20

−0.28

−0.40

350 %

−1.40

Mixed (no WP)

−0.95

−0.77

−0.19

1.23

20 %

0.25

No visa at entry

−0.27

−0.15

−0.12

1.80

44 %

0.80

  1. Notes: *** p < 0.001, ** p < 0.01, * p < 0.05, + p < 0.1; logit coefficients displayed. KHB method. All models control for variables listed in Table 3
  2. Source: MAFE-Senegal