| |
Dependent variable: Count of homeland-related political activities engaged
|
|---|
| |
Electoral
|
Non-Electoral
|
Electoral
|
Non-Electoral
|
Electoral
|
Non-Electoral
|
|---|
|
Variables
|
(1)
|
(2)
|
(3)
|
(4)
|
(5)
|
(6)
|
|---|
|
Independent:
| | | | | | |
|
Integration:
| | | | | | |
|
Time in host country
|
0.975***
|
1.017*
|
0.975***
|
1.018*
|
0.977***
|
1.036***
|
| |
(0.004)
|
(0.010)
|
(0.004)
|
(0.010)
|
(0.004)
|
(0.008)
|
|
Temporary migrant
|
1.054***
|
1.076
|
1.051***
|
1.066
|
1.036**
|
0.904
|
| |
(0.014)
|
(0.186)
|
(0.015)
|
(0.192)
|
(0.015)
|
(0.165)
|
|
Host-country citizen
|
1.144***
|
0.531*
|
1.142***
|
0.512*
|
1.129
|
0.436***
|
| |
(0.058)
|
(0.184)
|
(0.056)
|
(0.179)
|
(0.088)
|
(0.137)
|
|
Permanent resident
|
0.921***
|
1.116
|
0.923***
|
1.160
|
0.897***
|
0.997
|
| |
(0.021)
|
(0.184)
|
(0.021)
|
(0.192)
|
(0.021)
|
(0.208)
|
|
Emigrant networks:
| | | | | | |
|
Diaspora links
|
1.036
|
1.453**
|
1.035
|
1.486**
|
1.020
|
1.399
|
| |
(0.032)
|
(0.260)
|
(0.032)
|
(0.271)
|
(0.029)
|
(0.299)
|
|
Network source
|
0.985
|
0.948
|
0.988
|
0.899
|
0.974
|
1.025
|
| |
(0.033)
|
(0.150)
|
(0.034)
|
(0.147)
|
(0.033)
|
(0.169)
|
|
Destination (UK regions):
| | | | | | |
|
GVA per capita
|
1.097
|
4.785***
|
1.041
|
0.582
|
1.138
|
3.276*
|
| |
(0.089)
|
(2.659)
|
(0.153)
|
(0.723)
|
(0.115)
|
(2.130)
|
|
Emigrant density
|
0.996
|
0.249***
|
1.025
|
0.446*
|
0.971
|
0.306***
|
| |
(0.062)
|
(0.095)
|
(0.058)
|
(0.204)
|
(0.081)
|
(0.130)
|
|
Multiracial attitudes
| | |
1.000
|
0.938
| | |
| | | |
(0.004)
|
(0.039)
| | |
|
Controls:
| | | | | | |
|
Demographic:
| | | | | | |
|
Age
|
1.005*
|
1.034***
|
1.004*
|
1.033***
|
1.006***
|
1.035***
|
| |
(0.003)
|
(0.006)
|
(0.003)
|
(0.006)
|
(0.002)
|
(0.008)
|
|
Gender (male)
|
1.091***
|
0.967
|
1.098***
|
0.974
|
1.082***
|
0.939
|
| |
(0.022)
|
(0.086)
|
(0.024)
|
(0.086)
|
(0.022)
|
(0.112)
|
|
Marital status (married)
|
0.972
|
0.683*
|
0.977
|
0.673*
|
0.959***
|
0.771
|
| |
(0.018)
|
(0.152)
|
(0.017)
|
(0.152)
|
(0.014)
|
(0.168)
|
|
Socioeconomic status:
| | | | | | |
|
College graduate
|
0.986
|
0.845
|
0.967
|
0.818
|
0.973
|
0.986
|
| |
(0.070)
|
(0.300)
|
(0.073)
|
(0.273)
|
(0.063)
|
(0.350)
|
|
High school graduate
|
1.020
|
1.143
|
1.007
|
1.095
|
1.042
|
1.194
|
| |
(0.031)
|
(0.094)
|
(0.027)
|
(0.085)
|
(0.028)
|
(0.189)
|
|
Manager
|
1.052
|
1.774**
|
1.052
|
1.757**
|
1.034
|
1.678
|
| |
(0.048)
|
(0.500)
|
(0.049)
|
(0.502)
|
(0.044)
|
(0.725)
|
|
Blue-collar
|
0.924**
|
0.658
|
0.930**
|
0.666
|
0.925**
|
0.571**
|
| |
(0.030)
|
(0.171)
|
(0.028)
|
(0.166)
|
(0.034)
|
(0.153)
|
|
Unemployed
|
1.048
|
0.775
|
1.062
|
0.803
|
1.063
|
0.374
|
| |
(0.050)
|
(0.407)
|
(0.048)
|
(0.427)
|
(0.061)
|
(0.331)
|
|
Student
|
0.837
|
0.602
|
0.836
|
0.576
|
0.830
|
0.605
|
| |
(0.155)
|
(0.639)
|
(0.156)
|
(0.572)
|
(0.143)
|
(0.665)
|
|
Retired
|
0.881
|
1.269
|
0.882
|
1.155
|
0.964
|
1.285
|
| |
(0.270)
|
(1.196)
|
(0.270)
|
(1.085)
|
(0.209)
|
(1.176)
|
|
Origins:
| | | | | | |
|
Political motive for emigration
|
0.925***
|
1.197
|
0.925***
|
1.232
|
0.890***
|
0.921
|
| |
(0.026)
|
(0.293)
|
(0.027)
|
(0.284)
|
(0.031)
|
(0.206)
|
|
From Warsaw
|
1.134***
|
1.725**
|
1.132***
|
1.687**
| | |
| |
(0.033)
|
(0.371)
|
(0.033)
|
(0.360)
| | |
|
From West Poland
| | | | |
0.936**
|
0.657
|
| | | | | |
(0.030)
|
(0.172)
|
|
Home links:
| | | | | | |
|
Remittance frequency
|
0.983
|
1.431***
|
0.983
|
1.449***
|
0.993
|
1.487***
|
| |
(0.015)
|
(0.116)
|
(0.016)
|
(0.119)
|
(0.014)
|
(0.166)
|
|
Family contact
|
1.026*
|
1.486***
|
1.026*
|
1.461***
|
1.015
|
1.413***
|
| |
(0.014)
|
(0.078)
|
(0.014)
|
(0.077)
|
(0.014)
|
(0.175)
|
|
First election abroad
|
0.836***
|
0.726***
|
0.840***
|
0.733***
|
0.826***
|
0.742**
|
| |
(0.014)
|
(0.077)
|
(0.014)
|
(0.082)
|
(0.018)
|
(0.087)
|
|
Constant
|
0.756
|
0.000***
|
1.461
|
0.057
|
0.512
|
0.000***
|
| |
(0.852)
|
(0.000)
|
(2.556)
|
(0.835)
|
(0.726)
|
(0.000)
|
|
Observations
|
1,515
|
1,515
|
1,464
|
1,464
|
1,215
|
1,215
|
|
UK Regions
|
11
|
11
|
10
|
10
|
11
|
11
|
|
Log pseudolikelihood
|
−868.4
|
−136.3
|
−843.6
|
−134.3
|
−705.7
|
−111.0
|
|
Deviance goodness-of-fit
|
306.20
|
195.79
|
295.51
|
192.32
|
224.09
|
158.28
|
|
Pearson goodness-of-fit
|
257.89
|
649.17
|
248.50
|
612.36
|
195.84
|
463.15
|
- NOTE: Data is a sample weighted by the estimated Polish migrant stock in eleven of the twelve statistical regions of the United Kingdom (European Union’s Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics - NUTS1) in the analysis. North East England is excluded since no respondent reported residing in that region; the estimated Polish migrant stock in that region is also the lowest among the twelve. Reported in cells are incidence-rate ratios and robust standard errors clustered by NUTS1 region in parentheses. ***, **, and * stand for significance at p < 0.01, p < 0.05, and p < 0.1 levels, respectively
