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Table 1 Examples of probability sampling methods for sub-populations in the absence of sampling frames

From: Surveying immigrants without sampling frames – evaluating the success of alternative field methods

Suitable for (target population)

Type of sampling

Frames of random selection

Further reading (examples)

General population

Random digit dialling

Telephone numbers

-

General population

Random routes/random walk

List of households, place (time)

Brief overview described in FRA 2009b, p. 11–14

Sub-population/minor domains

Conventional household sampling with focused enumeration

List of households, place (time), clusters defined by selected addresses and adjacent households

E.g. Ipsos MORI, 2010; Erens, 2013, p. 52–53; or FRA, 2009b, p. 14–18

Sub-population/minor domains

Conventional sampling with Adaptive Cluster Sampling

List of households, place (time), clusters of neighbouring households

Verma, 2013

Sub-population/minor domains

Time-location sampling

Place (Time)

Baio et al., 2011

Sub-population/minor domains

Capture-Recapture

Place (Time)

Berry, 2007; Williams, 2010

Total or sub-population/minor domains

GPS based sampling

Place (GPS)

Landry & Shen, 2005

Sub-population/minor or mini domains

Respondent-Driven-Sampling (RDS)

Network

Heckathorn, 1997, http://www.respondentdrivensampling.org/

Sub-population/minor or mini domains

Snowball sampling

Network

Goodman, 1961

Sub-population/ethnic minorities/immigrants

Onomastic sampling

Names/telephone book

Schnell et al., 2013