Table 1 Hierarchical linear regression models, testing the association between citizenship and host national belonging, and potential moderators
(1) Country fixed effects model | (2) Random effects model | (3) Citizenship policy (MIPEX 2013) | (4) Citizenship as boundary marker | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Male | 0.01 (0.01) | 0.02 (0.01) | 0.02 (0.01) | 0.02 (0.01) |
Age | 0.00*** (0.00) | 0.00*** (0.00) | 0.00*** (0.00) | 0.00*** (0.00) |
Father’s birth country | ||||
EU country | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
Other European country | 0.08*** (0.02) | 0.08*** (0.02) | 0.08*** (0.02) | 0.08*** (0.02) |
Africa | 0.12*** (0.02) | 0.14*** (0.02) | 0.14*** (0.02) | 0.14*** (0.02) |
Asia | 0.05 (0.03) | 0.05 (0.03) | 0.05* (0.03) | 0.06* (0.03) |
Middle East | 0.03 (0.04) | 0.03 (0.04) | 0.03 (0.04) | 0.04 (0.04) |
North America | −0.02 (0.06) | −0.02 (0.06) | −0.02 (0.06) | −0.03 (0.06) |
Central America | 0.11 (0.08) | 0.12 (0.08) | 0.12 (0.08) | 0.12 (0.08) |
South America | 0.06* (0.03) | 0.07* (0.03) | 0.07* (0.03) | 0.07* (0.03) |
Caribbean | 0.27*** (0.08) | 0.29*** (0.08) | 0.29*** (0.08) | 0.29*** (0.08) |
Oceania | −0.06 (0.14) | −0.11 (0.14) | −0.11 (0.14) | −0.12 (0.14) |
Unknown | 0.04 (0.05) | −0.01 (0.02) | 0.01 (0.02) | −0.01 (0.02) |
Other | −0.22 (0.18) | −0.02 (0.03) | 0.02 (0.03) | 0.01 (0.03) |
Christian | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
Non-Christian | 0.00 (0.02) | 0.01 (0.02) | 0.01 (0.02) | 0.00 (0.02) |
No religion | −0.04** (0.01) | −0.04* (0.01) | −0.04* (0.01) | −0.04* (0.01) |
Years of education | −0.00 (0.00) | −0.00 (0.00) | −0.00 (0.00) | −0.00 (0.00) |
Paid work | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
Unemployed | 0.01 (0.02) | 0.01 (0.02) | 0.01 (0.02) | 0.01 (0.02) |
Student | 0.03 (0.02) | 0.03 (0.02) | 0.03 (0.02) | 0.03 (0.02) |
Out of labour market | 0.00 (0.02) | 0.00 (0.02) | 0.00 (0.02) | −0.00 (0.02) |
Military service | 0.07 (0.17) | 0.08 (0.17) | 0.09 (0.17) | 0.10 (0.17) |
Citizen | 0.06*** (0.01) | 0.06*** (0.01) | 0.05 (0.05) | −0.39 (0.20) |
Employment rate | 0.12 (0.14) | 0.12 (0.14) | 0.13 (0.14) | |
Percentage foreign-born | 0.41* (0.18) | 0.41* (0.18) | 0.43* (0.18) | |
Host population’s level of belonging | 0.44** (0.14) | 0.43** (0.14) | 0.44** (0.14) | |
MIPEX Access to Nationality | 0.07 (0.07) | 0.06 (0.08) | 0.09 (0.07) | |
Citizen*MIPEX Access to Nationality | 0.02 (0.08) | |||
Citizenship as a boundary marker in host population | 0.38 (0.22) | 0.38 (0.23) | 0.13 (0.25) | |
Citizen*citizenship as a boundary marker | 0.57* (0.25) | |||
Constant | 0.59*** (0.04) | −0.25 (0.23) | −0.25 (0.23) | −0.07 (0.24) |