|
Social Identification
|
|
Turkish identification
|
.25 (.25)
|
.19 (.11)†
|
|
Islamic identification
|
−.01 (.07)
|
−.05 (.02)*
|
|
Perceived Discrimination
|
|
Group discrimination of Turkish-origin individuals
|
.08 (.09)
|
.06 (.07)
|
|
Group discrimination of Muslims
|
−.08 (.07)
|
−.09 (.08)
|
|
Personal experiences of discrimination
|
.02 (.07)
|
.04 (.06)
|
|
Control variables
|
|
Age
|
.07 (.02)***
|
.08 (.02)***
|
|
Women (ref. men)
|
.04 (.12)
|
−.02 (.12)
|
|
Middle education (ref. lower)
|
−.33 (.42)
|
−.16 (.49)
|
|
Higher education (ref. lower)
|
.24 (.51)
|
.37 (.65)
|
|
Hours worked per week
|
.00 (.01)
|
.01 (.01)
|
|
Monthly income
|
−.05 (.05)
|
−.07 (.06)
|
|
Language proficiency
|
.12 (.03)***
|
.11 (.04)**
|
|
National identification
|
.26 (.11)*
|
.21 (.10)*
|
|
National-origin composition neighborhood
|
−.03 (.07)
|
−.02 (.07)
|
|
Turkish best friend (ref. native best friend)
|
−.57 (.20)**
|
−.37 (.20)†
|
|
Other origin best friend (ref. native best friend)
|
−.14 (.22)
|
.16 (.20)
|
|
Islamic denomination (ref. Sunni)
|
|
Shia
|
.72 (.46)
|
.76 (.45)†
|
|
Alevi
|
.32 (.29)
|
.43 (.29)
|
|
Other Muslims
|
−.11 (.11)
|
−.11 (.11)
|
|
Non-believer
|
.16 (.17)
| |
|
Countries (ref. Austria)
|
|
France
|
.22 (1.50)
|
−.05 (.64)
|
|
Germany
|
.95 (1.36)
|
−1.18 (.39)**
|
|
Switzerland
|
.65 (1.20)
|
−.12 (.91)
|
|
The Netherlands
|
.99 (1.21)
|
−.35 (.43)
|
|
Interaction effects
|
|
France * Turkish identification
|
−.06 (.29)
| |
|
Germany * Turkish identification
|
−.36 (.25)
| |
|
Switzerland * Turkish identification
|
−.17 (.25)
| |
|
The Netherlands * Turkish identification
|
−.03 (.23)
| |
|
France * Islamic identification
| |
.05 (.10)
|
|
Germany * Islamic identification
| |
.15 (.04)***
|
|
Switzerland * Islamic identification
| |
.07 (.13)
|
|
The Netherlands * Islamic identification
| |
.31 (.11)**
|
|
N
|
1627
|
1229
|
|
Df
|
33
|
31
|
|
Prob>Chi2
|
.000
|
.000
|
