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Table 1 Summary of the expert reviews

From: Sampling migrants in six European countries: how to develop a comparative design?

Item

Denmark

Sweden

The Netherlands

Spain

Germany

Italy

1. Terminology in official statistics and government publications

 Terms

person of Danish origin, immigrant, descendant

foreign born, foreign citizen, foreign background, asylum seekers

person with migration background; non-dutch nationals; foreign born; first and second generation

foreign born, foreign citizen, immigrant (incl. Spanish citizens)

foreigner, person with migration background, asylum seeker, Aussiedler, refugee, minority

foreign citizen

2. Availability and access to population registers

 Name of the register

Population register (Det Centrale Person Register)

Population register (Folkbokförd)

Basic Population Register (BRP)

Municipal population register (Padrón)

Municipal population register (Melderegister)

Municipal population register (Anagrafe)

 Responsible institution

Statistics Denmark

Statistics Sweden

Statistics Netherlands

Statistics Spain (INE)

Municipality

Municipality

 Access for scientific research

Affiliation with a Danish research institute necessary

Affiliation with a Swedish research institute necessary

Dutch Universities and Research Institutes

Official support from some unit of the Spanish Public Administration (excl. universities)

possible if in the public interest

no

 Access for foreign researchers

possible dependent on additional conditions

possible dependent on additional conditions

possible dependent on additional conditions

Official support from some unit of the Spanish Public Administration

possible with restrictions if in the public interest

no

 Linkage with other registers

possible

possible

possible

possible - specific request and INE’s assessment

impossible

possible only by ISTAT

3. Immigrant identification

 Nationality

yes

yes

yes

yes

yes

yes

 Country of birth

yes

yes

yes

yes

missings

no

 Date of arrival

yes

yes

yes

Date of 1st registration, accessibility restricted

no

no

 Parent information

yes

yes

yes

no

only for minors

no

 Personal name

yes

personal number

no

yes

yes

no

 Age

yes

yes

yes

yes

yes

yes

 Gender

yes

yes

yes

yes

yes

yes

4. Registration

 Legal regulations

compulsory for all individuals residing 3 or 6 months in DK

compulsory for all individuals residing 1 year in SWE

compulsory for all individuals residing at least 4 months in NL

compulsory for municipalities to register all residents (incl. irregular immigrants)

compulsory for all individuals after 2 weeks from moving into the respective municipality

voluntary inscription for individuals with valid permits of residence

 Incentives for registration

access to welfare benefits and services, open bank accounts, access to daily services

access to welfare benefits and services, open bank accounts, access to daily services

access to welfare benefits and services

access to public health care and other public services such as primary schools, proof of residence for regularisation, campaigns by municipalities

fines can be imposed for infringement

access to welfare benefits and services

 Estimate of undercoverage

33,000 in 2013 [1]

10.000–50.000 (2.000–3.000 children)

1% of population [2] 9% of first generation

 

3% of all foreigners in 2011 [4]

7% of immigrant population [3]

5. Deregistration

 Legal regulations

compulsory for all individuals staying abroad > 6 months

 

compulsory for all individuals staying abroad at least 8 months

compulsory, but without sanctions

compulsory for all individuals leaving DE

voluntary

 Incentives for deregistration

none

 

no real incentives

none, but extinction procedure (since 2007) and periodical residence check (since 2013)

none

none

 Estimate of overcoverage

7500 individuals 0.14% of the population [5]

4–8% of total foreign-born population

0,2% of total population [2]

250,000 non-EU in 2007 400,000 (87% EU) in 2013

11.3% of all foreigners in 2011 [4]

 

6. Alternative sampling frames (existence, accessibility, and problems)

 Electoral register

yes, based on population register, problematic

yes, based on population register, access only when applying to regional authorities

yes, problematic

yes, no access

yes, based on population register, no access

no

 Foreigner register

yes, largely overlaps with population register

yes, problematic

yes, problematic

yes, no access

yes, no access

no

 Telephone register

yes, problematic

yes, problematic

yes, problematic

yes, no access

yes, problematic

yes, unreliable

 Area-based sampling

yes, no evidence

yes, problematic

yes, problematic

yes, problematic

yes, problematic

 

 Random dialing

yes, problematic

yes, problematic

yes, problematic

 

yes, problematic

 

 Respondent driven

possible, few studies

  

yes, problematic

possible, no evidence

 

 Center-based sampling

possible, no evidence

   

possible, no evidence

yes

7. Data infrastructure

 Reference statistics

population register

Population register (Folkbokförd)

Basic Population Register (BRP) (gets updated every month)

Census 2011; Padrón 1st January 2017

Microcensus (annual 1% survey of the population), Census 2011 (regional breakdown only to Landkreis)

Census 2011

8. Important national reports

  1. Denmark: Danmarks Statistik (2016): Indvandrere i Danmark 2016 [Immigrants in Denmark 2016]. København. Retrieved from http://www.dst.dk/pubfile/20704/indv2016. Sweden: Statistics Sweden (2016): Retrieved from http://www.scb.se/Statistik/_Publikationer/UF0529_BR_2015A01_A40BR1603.pdf; http://www.scb.se/contentassets/dc0958cc6c9f4747aa2c4a699472b2c9/le0105_2016a01_br_be57br1601.pdf. The Netherlands: Ooijevaar, J. & Bloemendal, C. (Eds.) (2016): Jaarrapport Integratie 2016 [Yearly Integration Report 2016]. Den Haag/Heerlen/Bonaire: CBS. Spain: Informe Encuesta Nacional de Inmigrantes (ENI – 2007) Retrieved from http://www.ine.es/daco/daco42/inmigrantes/informe/eni07_informe.pdf; Documentos del Observatorio Permanente de la Inmigración (2004–2015) Retrieved from http://extranjeros.empleo.gob.es/es/ObservatorioPermanenteInmigracion/index.html. Germany: Die Beauftragte der Bundesregierung für Migration, Flüchtlinge und Integration (2012): “Zweiter Integrationsindikatorenbericht.” [Second Report on Integration Indicators]. Berlin: Die Beauftragte der Bundesregierung für Migration, Flüchtlinge und Integration; Die Beauftragte der Bundesregierung für Migration, Flüchtlinge und Integration (2014): “10. Bericht der Beauftragten der Bundesregierung für Migration, Flüchtlinge und Integration über die Lage der Ausländerinnen und Ausländer in Deutschland.”: [Tenth Report of the Federal Government's Commissioner of Migration, Refugees and Integration about the Living Situation of Foreigners in Germany]. Berlin: Die Beauftragte der Bundesregierung für Migration, Flüchtlinge und Integration. Italy: Cesareo V. (ed.) (2017): The Twenty-second Italian report on Migrations 2016. Milano: Mc Graw-Hill Education
  2. Notes: [1] Retrieved from http://www.rockwoolfonden.dk/en/articles/marked-increase-in-recent-years-in-the-number-of-illegal-immigrants.
  3. [2] Retrieved from https://www.cbs.nl/nl-nl/achtergrond/2017/09/haalbaarheidsstudie-gewoonlijk-verblijvende-bevolking.
  4. [3] Blangiardo, G.C. (2016): Statistical aspects. In Cesareo V. (Ed.). (2017). The Twenty-second italian report on Migrations 2016. Milano: Mc Graw-Hill Education.
  5. [4] Bechtold, S. (2013). Analyse der durch den Zensus verursachten Abweichungen bei den Einwohnerzahlen. Vortrag im Rahmen der Statistischen Woche, Berlin, 18.9.2013 [Analysis of deviating population numbers in the Census. Presentation at the "Statische Woche", Berlin, 18.9.2013]. Retrieved from https://www.zensus2011.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Praesentationen/2013_09_Statistische_Woche_Vortrag_Dr_Bechtold.pdf?__blob=publicationFile&v=6.
  6. [5] Statistics Denmark. Retrieved from www.dst.dk/en/Statistik/dokumentation/documentationofstatistics/immigrants-and-descendants/accuracy-and-reliability