From: Sampling migrants in six European countries: how to develop a comparative design?
Item | Denmark | Sweden | The Netherlands | Spain | Germany | Italy |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. Terminology in official statistics and government publications | ||||||
Terms | person of Danish origin, immigrant, descendant | foreign born, foreign citizen, foreign background, asylum seekers | person with migration background; non-dutch nationals; foreign born; first and second generation | foreign born, foreign citizen, immigrant (incl. Spanish citizens) | foreigner, person with migration background, asylum seeker, Aussiedler, refugee, minority | foreign citizen |
2. Availability and access to population registers | ||||||
Name of the register | Population register (Det Centrale Person Register) | Population register (Folkbokförd) | Basic Population Register (BRP) | Municipal population register (Padrón) | Municipal population register (Melderegister) | Municipal population register (Anagrafe) |
Responsible institution | Statistics Denmark | Statistics Sweden | Statistics Netherlands | Statistics Spain (INE) | Municipality | Municipality |
Access for scientific research | Affiliation with a Danish research institute necessary | Affiliation with a Swedish research institute necessary | Dutch Universities and Research Institutes | Official support from some unit of the Spanish Public Administration (excl. universities) | possible if in the public interest | no |
Access for foreign researchers | possible dependent on additional conditions | possible dependent on additional conditions | possible dependent on additional conditions | Official support from some unit of the Spanish Public Administration | possible with restrictions if in the public interest | no |
Linkage with other registers | possible | possible | possible | possible - specific request and INE’s assessment | impossible | possible only by ISTAT |
3. Immigrant identification | ||||||
Nationality | yes | yes | yes | yes | yes | yes |
Country of birth | yes | yes | yes | yes | missings | no |
Date of arrival | yes | yes | yes | Date of 1st registration, accessibility restricted | no | no |
Parent information | yes | yes | yes | no | only for minors | no |
Personal name | yes | personal number | no | yes | yes | no |
Age | yes | yes | yes | yes | yes | yes |
Gender | yes | yes | yes | yes | yes | yes |
4. Registration | ||||||
Legal regulations | compulsory for all individuals residing 3 or 6 months in DK | compulsory for all individuals residing 1 year in SWE | compulsory for all individuals residing at least 4 months in NL | compulsory for municipalities to register all residents (incl. irregular immigrants) | compulsory for all individuals after 2 weeks from moving into the respective municipality | voluntary inscription for individuals with valid permits of residence |
Incentives for registration | access to welfare benefits and services, open bank accounts, access to daily services | access to welfare benefits and services, open bank accounts, access to daily services | access to welfare benefits and services | access to public health care and other public services such as primary schools, proof of residence for regularisation, campaigns by municipalities | fines can be imposed for infringement | access to welfare benefits and services |
Estimate of undercoverage | 33,000 in 2013 [1] | 10.000–50.000 (2.000–3.000 children) | 1% of population [2] 9% of first generation | 3% of all foreigners in 2011 [4] | 7% of immigrant population [3] | |
5. Deregistration | ||||||
Legal regulations | compulsory for all individuals staying abroad > 6 months | compulsory for all individuals staying abroad at least 8 months | compulsory, but without sanctions | compulsory for all individuals leaving DE | voluntary | |
Incentives for deregistration | none | no real incentives | none, but extinction procedure (since 2007) and periodical residence check (since 2013) | none | none | |
Estimate of overcoverage | 7500 individuals 0.14% of the population [5] | 4–8% of total foreign-born population | 0,2% of total population [2] | 250,000 non-EU in 2007 400,000 (87% EU) in 2013 | 11.3% of all foreigners in 2011 [4] | |
6. Alternative sampling frames (existence, accessibility, and problems) | ||||||
Electoral register | yes, based on population register, problematic | yes, based on population register, access only when applying to regional authorities | yes, problematic | yes, no access | yes, based on population register, no access | no |
Foreigner register | yes, largely overlaps with population register | yes, problematic | yes, problematic | yes, no access | yes, no access | no |
Telephone register | yes, problematic | yes, problematic | yes, problematic | yes, no access | yes, problematic | yes, unreliable |
Area-based sampling | yes, no evidence | yes, problematic | yes, problematic | yes, problematic | yes, problematic | |
Random dialing | yes, problematic | yes, problematic | yes, problematic | yes, problematic | ||
Respondent driven | possible, few studies | yes, problematic | possible, no evidence | |||
Center-based sampling | possible, no evidence | possible, no evidence | yes | |||
7. Data infrastructure | ||||||
Reference statistics | population register | Population register (Folkbokförd) | Basic Population Register (BRP) (gets updated every month) | Census 2011; Padrón 1st January 2017 | Microcensus (annual 1% survey of the population), Census 2011 (regional breakdown only to Landkreis) | Census 2011 |
8. Important national reports |