Table 2 Categories of refugee and other forcibly displaced persons’ disadvantages
Determinant of vulnerability | Examples of manifestations | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
Displacement-specific | Intensified | Bureaucratically imposed | Over-representation | |
Spatial / environmental | Restrictions on movement (e.g. encampment). Unfamiliarity with surroundings (unsure about rights and access). Increase in gender-based violence Family Split | Lack of knowledge (of e.g. rights, opportunities for transport) Double intensity for women and dependents | Use of local languages (can’t understand access rules) | Health risks associated with informal settlements (difficult to spend time accessing). |
Socio-political | Lack of representation (ineligible to access, camps run without representation) | Uncertainty interacting with govt/agencies (opaque institutional complaints mechanisms) | Discrimination in access to services; (ineligible to access). Gender-bias in legislation | Restrictions on political activities in camp esp. for women and youth (inability to express voice). |
Socio-cultural | Xenophobia (discrimination in access) | Social discrimination based on ethnicity, language, illegal status, gender and age (discrimination in provision). | Additional stigmatising requirements to access services (required to show additional eligibility documents) | Social perceptions of ‘criminal poor’ (additional scrutiny of access documents) |