| |
Natives
|
Immigrants
|
|---|
|
N
|
Mean
|
s.d.
|
N
|
Mean
|
s.d.
|
|---|
|
Spain
|
|
Unemployment
|
3,627
|
0.21
|
0.41
|
446
|
0.30
|
0.46
|
|
Female
|
3,627
|
0.45
|
0.49
|
446
|
0.51
|
0.50
|
|
Age
|
3,627
|
40.0
|
11.50
|
446
|
39.1
|
9.5
|
|
Educational level
|
3,627
|
2.10
|
0.70
|
446
|
2.0
|
0.6
|
|
Years in education
|
3,544
|
13.8
|
6.20
|
415
|
12.4
|
4.5
|
|
Length of residence
|
3,627
|
19.7
|
12.5
|
446
|
9.4
|
6.4
|
|
Numeracy
|
3,627
|
254.2
|
47.4
|
446
|
210.0
|
59.1
|
|
Science
|
3,627
|
0.06
|
0.25
|
446
|
0.06
|
0.25
|
|
France
|
|
Unemployment
|
4,372
|
0.10
|
0.30
|
249
|
0.16
|
0.36
|
|
Female
|
4,372
|
0.49
|
0.50
|
249
|
0.47
|
0.50
|
|
Age
|
4,372
|
40.8
|
11.8
|
249
|
45.6
|
9.9
|
|
Educational level
|
4,372
|
2.30
|
0.5
|
249
|
2.0
|
0.7
|
|
Years in education
|
4,277
|
14.8
|
5.3
|
212
|
12.6
|
5.1
|
|
Length of residence
|
4,372
|
20.0
|
12.8
|
249
|
17.5
|
11.2
|
|
Numeracy
|
4,372
|
266.5
|
51.5
|
249
|
197.7
|
64.1
|
|
Science
|
4,372
|
0.08
|
0.28
|
249
|
0.04
|
0.20
|
|
United Kingdom
|
|
Unemployment
|
5,753
|
0.10
|
0.30
|
353
|
0.12
|
0.33
|
|
Female
|
5,753
|
0.54
|
0.49
|
353
|
0.54
|
0.50
|
|
Age
|
5,753
|
40.0
|
12.4
|
353
|
38.6
|
10.2
|
|
Educational level
|
5,753
|
2.3
|
0.6
|
353
|
2.4
|
0.7
|
|
Years in education
|
5,234
|
17.6
|
8.5
|
315
|
15.5
|
4.7
|
|
Length of residence
|
5,753
|
17.0
|
12.9
|
353
|
8.9
|
8.5
|
|
Numeracy
|
5,753
|
269.4
|
49.6
|
353
|
244.3
|
57.9
|
|
Science
|
5,753
|
0.11
|
0.31
|
353
|
0.09
|
0.28
|
- Source: Authors’ calculation based on 2012 PIAAC data
