How much can you take with you? The role of education in explaining differences in the risk of unemployment between migrants and natives

Comparative Migration Studies

Table 3 Logistic regression on the probability of being unemployed vs. employed (ref.). Gross models (0) controlling separately for educational level and time of education

	Spain		France		UK
	Level	Time	Level	Time	Level	Time
Native (ref.)
Immigrant	0.104	0.137	−0.319	−3.420**	0.067	−4.259*
Immigrant	(0.232)	(0.662)	(0.513)	(1.427)	(0.433)	(2.337)
Primary education (ref.)
Secondary	− 0.625***		−0.324		− 0.746***
Secondary	(0.107)		(0.289)		(0.141)
Tertiary	−1.545***		−1.188***		− 1.535***
Tertiary	(0.125)		(0.302)		(0.155)
Ethnic orirgin#Education
Immigrant#Secondary	0.115		0.869		−0.345
Immigrant#Secondary	(0.274)		(0.567)		(0.527)
Immigrant#Tertiary	0.844**		1.772***		0.746
Immigrant#Tertiary	(0.364)		(0.633)		(0.496)
Age	−0.041***	−0.046***	− 0.040***	− 0.040***	− 0.045***	− 0.046***
Age	(0.004)	(0.004)	(0.004)	(0.004)	(0.004)	(0.004)
Male (ref.)
Female	0.070	0.039	0.254***	0.231**	−0.206**	−0.270***
Female	(0.079)	(0.080)	(0.098)	(0.100)	(0.086)	(0.093)
Years of education		−0.227***		− 0.192***		− 0.154***
Years of education		(0.023)		(0.037)		(0.026)
Immigrant#Years of education		−0.028		0.496**		0.465*
Immigrant#Years of education		(0.091)		(0.201)		(0.269)
Years of education²		0.004***		0.004***		0.003***
Years of education²		(0.001)		(0.001)		(0.001)
Immigrant#Years of education²		0.004		−0.012*		−0.010
Immigrant#Years of education²		(0.003)		(0.007)		(0.007)
Constant	1.029***	2.487***	−0.170	1.138***	0.539***	1.078***
Constant	(0.174)	(0.267)	(0.350)	(0.412)	(0.206)	(0.297)
Observations	4,073	3,959	4,621	4,489	6,106	5,549