Table 2 Pairwise comparisons of marginal linear predictions obtained from fixed effect models of refugee migrants on all low-wage occupations (ISCO 5 + 9) and for service and shop (ISCO 5) and elementary (ISCO 9) occupations, respectively. Marginal effects and standard errors (within brackets) are reported for annual changes (5) and at 5-year intervals (6). Significant at 10% (^a), 5% (^b) and 1% (^c)

REFMIG # UK & IRL

6.852^c (2.397)

0.916 (2.217)

5.936^c (1.233)

4.139 (7.393)

−6.314 (6.214)

10.453^b (3.909)

REFMIG # CONTINENTAL

1.482^b (0.641)

1.169^b (0.593)

0.313 (0.330)

1.797 (1.931)

0.967 (1.623)

0.831 (1.021)

REFMIG # NORDIC

0.118 (0.528)

− 0.391 (0.488)

0.508^a (0.272)

0.564 (1.385)

−0.524 (1.164)

1.089 (0.732)

REFMIG SOUTH

24.238^c (3.165)

17.144^c (2.927)

7.094^c (1.629)

32.922^c (5.971)

26.957^c (5.019)

5.965^a (3.157)

Institution

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Globalization

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Technology

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Controllers

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Year FE

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

R²

0.694

0.729

0.415

0.713

0.786

0.485

N

363

363

363

80

80

80