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Table 4 Full variable list with description and source

From: Refugee immigration and the growth of low-wage work in the EU15

Variable

Description

Source

Dependent variables

 LowWage

Low wage occupation (ISCO 5 & 9) share of total employment %

EUROSTAT

 ServiceShop

Low wage occupation (ISCO 5) share of total employment %

EUROSTAT

 Elementary

Low wage occupation (ISCO 9) share of total employment %

EUROSTAT

Migration

 TOT

Share of foreign born employed, in % of total employed

EUROSTAT, OECD, UN

 LABMIG HIGH

Share of foreign born employed from high-income countries as % of total employed

EUROSTAT, OECD, UN

 LABMIG MID

Share of foreign born employed from new EU, or medium income countries, as % of total employed

EUROSTAT, OECD, UN

 LABMIG LOW

Share of foreign born employed from low income countries (refugee migrants) as % of total employed

EUROSTAT, OECD

 REFMIG

Share of refugee migrants as % of total population

UN

Institutional

 EU25+

EU25_Period (2004–2015 = 1, 0 otherwise)

EUROSTAT

 GINI

Gini coefficient of equalized disposable income

EUROSTAT

 CollBar

Adjusted bargaining coverage rate: proportion of all wage

OECD

 EmpDis

Protection against dismissals

OECD

 EmpTemp

Protection against temporary employment

ICTWSS

Globalization

 ImpShare

Import to GDP share in %

Penn World Tables

 FDI

Outward foreign direct investments as proportion of GDP

OECD

Technology

 LP

Labour productivity

OECD

 HC

Human capital level (pwt)

Penn World Tables

 TechChange

Technological change defined as total factor productivity growth

Penn World Tables

 INV

Investments as share of GDP

OECD

Controllers

 RelWage

Relative wage (country wage to EU average) %

OECD

 LMsize

Labour market size (number employed in thousands)

OECD