From: Refugee immigration and the growth of low-wage work in the EU15
Variable | Description | Source |
---|---|---|
Dependent variables | ||
LowWage | Low wage occupation (ISCO 5 & 9) share of total employment % | EUROSTAT |
ServiceShop | Low wage occupation (ISCO 5) share of total employment % | EUROSTAT |
Elementary | Low wage occupation (ISCO 9) share of total employment % | EUROSTAT |
Migration | ||
TOT | Share of foreign born employed, in % of total employed | EUROSTAT, OECD, UN |
LABMIG HIGH | Share of foreign born employed from high-income countries as % of total employed | EUROSTAT, OECD, UN |
LABMIG MID | Share of foreign born employed from new EU, or medium income countries, as % of total employed | EUROSTAT, OECD, UN |
LABMIG LOW | Share of foreign born employed from low income countries (refugee migrants) as % of total employed | EUROSTAT, OECD |
REFMIG | Share of refugee migrants as % of total population | UN |
Institutional | ||
EU25+ | EU25_Period (2004–2015 = 1, 0 otherwise) | EUROSTAT |
GINI | Gini coefficient of equalized disposable income | EUROSTAT |
CollBar | Adjusted bargaining coverage rate: proportion of all wage | OECD |
EmpDis | Protection against dismissals | OECD |
EmpTemp | Protection against temporary employment | ICTWSS |
Globalization | ||
ImpShare | Import to GDP share in % | Penn World Tables |
FDI | Outward foreign direct investments as proportion of GDP | OECD |
Technology | ||
LP | Labour productivity | OECD |
HC | Human capital level (pwt) | Penn World Tables |
TechChange | Technological change defined as total factor productivity growth | Penn World Tables |
INV | Investments as share of GDP | OECD |
Controllers | ||
RelWage | Relative wage (country wage to EU average) % | OECD |
LMsize | Labour market size (number employed in thousands) | OECD |