Table 3 Typology of the different relations between state and non-State actors at the local level
Closure vs. civil society activism | Tolerance | Institutional activism vs. anti-refugees mobilizations | Cooperation | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Dynamics | Local authorities try to prevent non-State actors from helping refugees | Local authorities do not hamper non-State actors’ activism | Groups of residents loudly protest against institutional pro-asylum seekers initiatives | Local authorities and non-State actors cooperate in fostering asylum-seeker reception |
Some empirical evidence (Italy) | Ventimiglia, Saronno, Udine | Centro Astalli (Roma, Palermo, Catania, Trento); NGOs’ clinics in Lombardy; network Scuole senza permesso. | Castrovillari, San Giorgio Ionico, Brindisi, Gorino | SPRAR system implementation in Tuscany and Emilia-Romagna |