Permanent or temporary settlement? A study on the short-term effects of residence status on refugees’ labour market participation

Comparative Migration Studies

Table 1 Individual characteristic-differences between asylum-seekers arriving 2012 and 2013

Year	2012	2013	Difference
Population (September):	N=274	N=629
Men	0,65	0,62	-0,03
Age	36,18	34,89	-1,29
Young	0,49	0,51	-0,02
Middle age	0,40	0,40	0,00
Married	0,49	0,56	0,07**
With children	0,36	0,49	0,13***
With university education	0,20	0,36	0,16***
Protection status (%):
Subsidiary protection	0,82	0,85	0,03
Convention refugees	0,18	0,15	-0,03
Place of residence (%):
Metropolitan cities	0,23	0,14	-0,09***
Stockholm	0,12	0,06	-0,06***
Non-SMA facilitated accommodation*	0,41	0,34	-0,07***
Outcome variables:
Unemployment days	37,10	44,99	7,88***
Declared income	73,68	8,37	-65,30***
Study grants	0,50	2,69	2,180***

Table display differences in characteristics among those arriving in September 2012 compared to those arriving in September 2013. The variables are measured in the end of the year that the residence permit was granted. *** p<0.01, ** p<0.05. *There are two housing options in Sweden: accommodation facilitated by the SMA (so-called ABO) and accommodation that the individual arranges by his or hers own networks (so-called EBO). Living in non-SMA facilitated accommodation have been suggested to have a positive impact on labour market participation (Bevelander et al. 2009). We do not have access to data which allows us to control for type of residence during the asylum process. However, we control for geographical differences in section C in the Additional file 1: Appendix. Source: GEOSWEDEN (2018) and the Swedish Migration Agency (2018)