G1 vs. G1.5 | G1 vs. G2 | G1 vs. G3 | G1.5 vs. G2 | G1.5 vs. G3 | G2 vs. G3 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Transnational behaviour | ||||||
Contact (1–5) | ||||||
Visits (per 5 years) (0–30) | ** | *** | *** | * | ||
Remittances (0–1) | *** | *** | *** | |||
Property (0–1) | *** | *** | *** | ** | *** | |
Voting (0–1) | *** | *** | *** | * | ||
Transnational convoy | ||||||
Parents in Turkey (0–1) | *** | *** | *** | *** | ||
Close people in Turkey (0–2) | *** | *** | *** | ** | ||
Structural integration | ||||||
Level of education (1–10) | *** | *** | *** | *** | *** | |
Having a paid job (0–1) | *** | *** | *** | *** | *** | |
Property in residence country (0–1) | *** | * | ** | *** | * | |
Socio-cultural integration | ||||||
Residence country language proficiency (1–3) | *** | *** | *** | * | ||
Connectivity with residence country nationals (1–5) | ** | *** | *** | |||
Religious attendance (1–6) | *** | *** | *** | |||
Turkish partner (0–1) | *** | *** | *** | *** | *** | |
Control variables | ||||||
Self-rated health (1–5) | *** | *** | *** | *** | * | |
Age (18–90) | *** | *** | *** | *** | *** | *** |
Residence countries | * |