Contact (1–5) | Visits (per 5 years) | Remittances (0–1) | Property (0–1) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N = 778 | N = 780 | N = 774 | N = 752 | |||||||||||||
Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 1 | Model 2 | |||||||||
B | B | B | B | B | B | B | B | |||||||||
Constant | 4.59 | *** | 4.37 | *** | 0.03 | −1.60 | ** | 2.36 | *** | 1.18 | ||||||
Cutpoint 1 | −2.54 | *** | −1.67 | ** | ||||||||||||
Cutpoint 2 | −1.36 | *** | −0.46 | |||||||||||||
Cutpoint 3 | −0.20 | 0.73 | ||||||||||||||
Cutpoint 4 | 0.97 | *** | 1.92 | *** | ||||||||||||
G1.5 (vs G1) | −0.15 | 0.02 | −0.97 | *** | −1.80 | *** | 0.14 | −0.10 | −1.88 | *** | −2.24 | *** | ||||
G2 (vs. G1) | −0.31 | −0.10 | −1.38 | *** | −2.15 | *** | −0.03 | −0.11 | −2.71 | *** | −2.86 | *** | ||||
G3 (vs. G1) | − 0.32 | − 0.03 | −1.81 | *** | −2.36 | *** | −0.93 | *** | −0.83 | * | −3.11 | *** | −3.21 | *** | ||
Transnational convoy | ||||||||||||||||
Parents in Turkey (0–1) | −0.22 | −0.09 | −0.36 | −0.06 | ||||||||||||
Close people in Turkey (0–2) | 0.21 | 0.09 | 0.06 | 0.23 | ||||||||||||
Structural integration | ||||||||||||||||
Level of education (1–10) | 0.06 | 0.09 | 0.06 | 0.03 | ||||||||||||
Having a paid job (0–1) | 0.07 | 0.53 | * | 0.46 | −0.47 | |||||||||||
Property in residence country (0–1) | 0.05 | 0.53 | * | 0.56 | ** | 1.70 | *** | |||||||||
Socio-cultural integration | ||||||||||||||||
Residence country language proficiency (1–3) | −0.25 | 0.21 | −0.01 | 0.17 | ||||||||||||
Connectivity with residence country nationals (1–5) | 0.00 | −0.24 | * | −0.09 | 0.08 | |||||||||||
Religious attendance (1–6) | 0.15 | ** | 0.05 | 0.26 | *** | 0.03 | ||||||||||
Turkish partner (0–1) | 0.29 | 0.03 | 0.40 | 0.12 | ||||||||||||
Control variables | ||||||||||||||||
Self-rated health (1–5) | 0.07 | 0.08 | 0.19 | 0.14 | −0.09 | −0.14 | −0.07 | −0.09 | ||||||||
Age (18–90) | −0.01 | −0.02 | 0.04 | 0.03 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.01 | ||||||||
Belgium (vs. Germany) | −0.22 | −0.31 | 0.57 | * | 0.40 | 0.67 | ** | 0.43 | * | 0.43 | −0.08 | |||||
France (vs. Germany) | 0.09 | 0.03 | 1.03 | ** | 0.89 | ** | 0.56 | * | 0.40 | 0.16 | 0.02 | |||||
Netherlands (vs. Germany) | −0.29 | −0.32 | 0.14 | −0.01 | 0.08 | −0.02 | −0.09 | −0.34 | ||||||||
Other countries (vs. Germany) | −0.36 | −0.41 | * | 0.78 | ** | 0.61 | * | 0.46 | 0.33 | 0.97 | *** | 0.87 | ** |