The integrative force of political institutions? Direct democracy and voter turnout across ethnic and nativity groups

Comparative Migration Studies

Table 2 Logistic regression for individual voting and voting gaps between ethnic and nativity groups

	Vote (all respondents)
	M1 Asian nativity	M2 Hispanic nativity
Individual covariates
Asian nativity (Ref.cat: 3^rd gen.^d)
1^st. gen. Asian	−0.66 (0.02)^a	–
2^nd gen. Asian	−0.18 (0.03)^a	–
Hispanic nativity (Ref.cat: 3^rd gen.^d)
1^st. gen. Hispanic	–	−0.25 (0.02)^a
2^nd gen. Hispanic	–	−0.13 (0.02)^a
Age	0.03 (0.00)^a	0.03 (0.00)^a
Gender (male)	−0.05 (0.01)^a	−0.05 (0.01)^a
Marital status (Ref.cat: divorced)
Married	0.43 (0.01)^a	0.42 (0.01)^a
Single	0.23 (0.01)^a	0.22 (0.01)^a
Separated	−0.07 (0.02)^a	−0.06 (0.02)^b
Widowed	−0.07 (0.02)^a	−0.08 (0.01)^a
Education (Ref.cat: no/primary educ.)
Secondary. educ.	0.60 (0.01)^a	0.59 (0.01)^a
Tertiary educ.	1.12 (0.01)^a	1.10 (0.01)^a
Labor force	0.17 (0.01)^a	0.17 (0.01)^a
Black	0.21 (0.01)^a	0.21 (0.01)^a
State covariates
Political ideology	−0.01 (0.00)^a	−0.02 (0.00)^a
Organizational density	0.04 (0.02)^c	0.05 (0.02)^c
Unemployment	0.02 (0.01)^c	0.02 (0.01)^b
GDP (log)	0.12 (0.14)	0.12 (0.14)
Urbanization	−0.01 (0.00)	−0.01 (0.00)
Foreign-born share	−0.01 (0.00)	0.00 (0.00)
State FEs	yes	yes
Year FEs	yes	yes
AIC	254,189	259,089
N	216,315	220,598

Logistic regression coefficients (robust standard errors clustered by state in parentheses). All models include state and year fixed effects (states = 50, years = midterm elections 2002, 2006, 2010). Significance codes: 0.001 < ^a, 0.01 < ^b, 0.05 < ^c