Fig. 11
From: Three sub-Saharan migration systems in times of policy restriction
Percentage of African migrants who travelled with a smuggler (1975–2008), by origin, country of residence (at the time of the survey), and period of arrival. Source: MAFE Biographical surveys in Europe. Measure: Percentage of migrants who travelled with a smuggler at some point on their journey to the MAFE countries (first arrival), among migrants currently living in these countries. Weighted results, 90% confidence intervals