Table 4 Codification examples of policies regulating the entry, integration, and return of migrants
From: Three sub-Saharan migration systems in times of policy restriction
Entry | Integration | Return |
|---|---|---|
Travel visa. Ex: Introduction of travel visa = + 1 for all migrants Carrier liabilities Ex: Increased penalties for carriers of undocumented migrants = + 1 for irregular migrants Surveillance technologies Ex: Creation of border surveillance system = + 1 for irregular migrants Work permit Ex: Reduction of catalogue of occupations in short supply and of recruitment at source = + 1 for high-skilled and low-skilled workers Quota/target Ex: Introduction of quota for non-EU workers in firms = + 1 for low-skilled workers Entry visa Ex: New requirements for students to be sponsored = + 1 for students Points-based system Ex: Creation of points based system for highly educated migrants = −1 for high-skilled workers | Detention Ex: Detention in prison introduced for irregular migrants = + 1 for irregular migrants Surveillance technology Ex: Series of laws that reduce rights of foreigners and introduce more control and sanctions = + 1 for all migrants Employer liabilities Ex: more control of employers and sanctions for irregular work = + 1 for irregular migrants Stay permit Ex: simplification of asylum procedures = − 1 for asylum seekers Work permit Ex: Procedure to give family members access to work = − 1 for family members Regularisation Ex: Regularisation programme = − 1 for irregular migrants Access to permanent residency Ex: grounds for withdrawing residency permit limited = − 1 for all migrants (excepted irregular) Language, housing, and cultural integration programmes Ex: widening of housing and funding for foreign workers beyond Algerians in France = − 1 for all (excepted irregular) Access to citizenship Ex: new requirements for naturalisation = + 1 for all migrants (excepted irregular) Access to social benefit and socioeconomic rights Ex: Access to social system granted to legal and irregular migrants = − 1 for all migrants Access to justice and political rights Ex: Right to appeal in court = − 1 for all migrants | Expulsion Ex: Introduction of on-the-spot expulsions for irregular migrants = + 1 for irregular migrants Reintegration and return program Ex: New return scheme for asylum seekers = + 1 for asylum seekers Institutional capacities Ex: Creation of deportation centres = + 1 for irregular migrants |