Skip to main content

Table 1 Country Characteristics

From: Campaigning across continents: how Latin American parties link up with migrant associations abroad

 

Bolivia

Ecuador

Freedom House Index (2018)

67/100 (partly free)

60/100 (partly free)

Perceptions of Electoral Integrity (last elections)

50/100

46/100

Incumbent President’s Party

MAS-IPSP (2006–2019)

Alianza País (2006 – present)

Gini Index (2018)

42.2

45.5

GDP per capita (2018)

3351.12

6213.87

Remittances as % of GDP (2018)

3.4%

2.8%

% abroad of the total population

7.46%

6.83%

Main settlement countries

Argentina, Spain, USA, Brazil

USA, Spain, Italy

% of the emigrant population that resides in Spain

19.34%

38.27%

Migration history to Spain

2002–2009

Two Phases: Late 1990s-2004 and 2007–2010

Main destinations in Spain

Barcelona, Madrid, Murcia

Madrid, Barcelona, Murcia

Background

Rural

Urban – rural

Skill Level

Medium-low

Medium-low

Sex Ratio

39% Men

61% Women

47% Men

53% Women

  1. Sources: Cebolla-Boado and López-Sala 2015, p. 269; Freedom House Index 2018; Hinojosa 2008, 2009; Estatistica INE 2016; United Nations 2015; World Bank 2018a, 2018b; Norris and Grömping 2019