Table 1 Longitudinal associations between percent-immigrant on immigration attitudes and its moderators (Japan; JLPS) – fixed-effects modelling
Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | Model 5 | Model 6 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Immigration Attitudes | Immigration Attitudes | Immigration Attitudes | Immigration Attitudes | Immigration Attitudes | Immigration Attitudes | |
Prefectural-level Variables | ||||||
Financial capability index | 0.113 | 0.117 | 0.128 | −0.174 | 0.017 | 0.035 |
(0.218) | (0.218) | (0.219) | (0.216) | (0.244) | (0.244) | |
Unemployment Rate | − 0.028 | − 0.030 | − 0.030 | 0.015 | − 0.007 | − 0.005 |
(0.038) | (0.038) | (0.038) | (0.044) | (0.045) | (0.045) | |
Assistance Livelihood Rate | −0.023** | − 0.023** | − 0.023** | −0.025** | − 0.021* | −0.021* |
(0.008) | (0.008) | (0.008) | (0.009) | (0.010) | (0.010) | |
Violent crime rate | 0.014 | −0.064 | −0.004 | −0.001 | − 0.122 | −0.014 |
(−0.185) | (0.185) | (0.185) | (0.021) | (0.213) | (0.212) | |
% Immigrant | −0.141* | −0.140* | − 0.128+ | −0.127+ | 0.152 | 0.158 |
(0.068) | (0.068) | (0.069) | (0.068) | (0.134) | (0.135) | |
Individual-level Moderators | ||||||
baseline: average perceived financial status | ||||||
Poor/somewhat poor | −0.070* | 0.11 | 0.048 | |||
(0.035) | (0.082) | (0.094) | ||||
Wealthy/Somewhat wealthy | 0.029 | 0.029 | 0.029 | |||
(0.034) | (0.078) | (0.089) | ||||
% Immigrant * Poor/somewhat poor | −0.102* | −0.082+ | ||||
(0.041) | (0.047) | |||||
% Immigrant * Wealthy/somewhat wealthy | −0.001 | −0.010 | ||||
(0.038) | (0.043) | |||||
Left leaning attitude to government support | 0.044+ | 0.190** | 0.187** | |||
(0.028) | (0.062) | (0.062) | ||||
% Immigrant * Left leaning attitude to government support | −0.078* | −0.076* | ||||
(0.03) | (0.030) | |||||
Constant | 2.906*** | 2.959*** | 2.925*** | 1.71*** | 1.700*** | 1.822*** |
(0.244) | (0.245) | (0.246) | (0.442) | (0.444) | (0.441) | |
N | 8762 | 8746 | 8746 | 7996 | 7996 | 6658 |