Table. 1 Processes that Led to the Hiring of Migrants in the Food Processing Industry in the United States and Japan
| Â | Push factors | Processes on industrial restructuring | Corporate recruitment and migrant social networks | Outcome | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Policy that discouraged migrants to stay in major gateways | Migrant saturation in major gateways | Plant relocation | Development of mass production | Deterioration of work conditions | |||
The U.S. beef and pork sector | Yes | Yes | Yes (mainly from Midwestern cities to Midwestern rural areas) | Yes (large-scale mass production further enhanced) | Yes (regarding both wage level and worksite injuries) | Yes | The hiring of migrants |
The U.S. poultry sector | Yes | Yes | No (industry developed in the Southern rural areas) | Yes (large-scale mass production established) | Yes (regrading worksite injuries; wage level remains low) | Yes | The hiring of migrants |
Japanese seafood sector | No (rather, there is the TITP as an important policy) | No | No (industry developed in coastal cities and towns) | Yes (mass production established, albeit limited in scale) | No (rather, external changes involving local demography and labor market matter) | No (migrant hiring is regulated by the TITP framework) | The hiring of migrants |