A comparative analysis of changes in anti-immigrant and anti-Muslim attitudes in Europe: 1990–2017

Bell, David Andreas; Valenta, Marko; Strabac, Zan

doi:10.1186/s40878-021-00266-w

Comparative Migration Studies

Table 2 Country-specific anti-Muslim and anti-immigrant attitudes (1990–2017)

From: A comparative analysis of changes in anti-immigrant and anti-Muslim attitudes in Europe: 1990–2017

Country	Muslim 1990	Immigrant 1990	Muslim 1999	Immigrant 1999	Muslim 2008	Immigrant 2008	Muslim 2017	Immigrant 2017	Muslim average	Immigrant average
Austria	14.18	20.21	15.21	12.71	31.94	24.49	24.02	21.44	23.41	19.31
Belgium	26.71	20.31	20.23	16.02	15.48	6.60			18.25	12.11
Bulgaria	41.88	34.44	22.60	23.80	21.18	17.74	21.27	54.67	21.60	32.43
Belarus			26.65	17.13	24.56	27.27	22.48	33.43	24.36	26.79
Croatia			23.78	19.28	17.43	13.37	15.12	20.59	18.40	17.66
Czech Republic	22.38	22.66	15.41	19.08	30.88	30.33	58.21	61.20	33.48	35.54
Denmark	15.50	11.60	16.37	10.65	13.32	6.83	12.63	8.84	13.50	8.74
Estonia	20.66	17.08	22.01	20.72	35.17	34.08	33.58	29.35	30.61	28.44
Finland	9.86	4.59	18.69	12.72	23.38	15.96	23.15	12.75	21.83	13.78
France	17.54	12.90	16.11	12.14	7.94	4.45	9.16	10.47	11.27	9.28
Germany	19.99	17.11	12.65	11.14	27.58	12.31	16.63	6.89	18.45	9.47
Greece			20.93	13.66	18.31	16.67			19.51	15.29
Hungary	18.32	22.2			11.10	15.50	38.36	47.68	24.62	31.40
Iceland	11.68	7.69	11.59	3.00	8.10	3.63	10.88	5.21	10.51	4.28
Ireland	13.40	5.10	14.41	12.52	23.37	14.80			18.33	13.52
Italy	14.32	13.43	17.20	16.50	22.78	16.46	19.71	17.78	19.58	16.87
Latvia	25.94	30.82	14.53	9.78	30.47	21.73			23.29	16.36
Lithuania	34.00	14.80	30.55	22.69	47.71	28.64	65.72	34.53	49.33	29.04
Luxembourg			15.45	9.14	19.56	15.89			17.17	11.98
Malta	11.96	8.91	28.04	15.67	32.36	34.84			30.54	26.75
Netherlands	14.13	8.99	12.30	5.04	19.75	16.01	16.50	15.96	16.60	13.66
Norway	21.28	15.86			13.93	6.56	7.74	4.81	10.89	5.70
Poland	19.55	9.98	24.68	24.86	25.17	17.68	34.28	19.79	28.00	20.45
Portugal	19.24	10.13	7.60	2.60	15.41	8.08			12.17	5.83
Romania	34.51	30.25	31.41	21.12	22.89	20.76	33.09	32.81	29.29	25.50
Russia			14.10	11.30	21.72	33.72	20.78	35.74	18.00	24.19
Serbia					28.17	23.72	19.85	23.77	23.84	23.74
Slovakia	26.14	23.42	24.42	22.84	23.20	16.73	56.95	46.15	35.05	28.68
Slovenia	37.86	40.00	22.81	16.18	29.45	28.83	29.17	23.23	27.28	23.19
Spain	10.47	7.55	10.86	9.36	13.56	4.67	20.92	14.29	14.82	9.09
Sweden	17.00	8.88	9.20	2.87	16.10	6.79	7.09	3.35	10.83	4.35
Switzerland					12.59	4.06	16.19	5.21	15.22	4.90
Ukraine			24.24	14.85	24.84	18.40			24.55	16.67
United Kingdom	15.14	10.22	15.07	17.08	15.67	17.20	6.47	7.73	12.82	14.46

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