Polish immigrants and their children in Canada and Sweden, employment status and income patterns

Comparative Migration Studies

Table 7 Employment and income differentials for selected groups, native born and immigrants arriving from 2004 to 2014, Canada and Sweden, 2015/2016

	Canada			Sweden
	coef	se	sig	coef	se	sig
Female
Employment (marginal effects)
Observations	6,848,585			2,110,196
R2	0.10			0.15
Native-born, non Pole (comparison)
Immigrant from Poland	− 0.32	0.02	***	− 0.45	0.01	***	†
Other Immigrant	− 0.36	0.01	***	− 0.61	0.00	***	†
Log of Job related income
Observations	5,954,550			1,891,668			na
R2	0.12			0.19
Native-born, non Pole (comparison)
Immigrant from Poland	− 0.99	0.04	***	− 1.06	0.01	***
Other Immigrant	− 1.05	0.01	***	− 1.24	0.00	***
Percent rank of income
Observations	5,954,550			1,891,668
R2	0.18			0.26
Native-born, non Pole (comparison)
Immigrant from Poland	− 0.28	0.01	***	− 0.29	0.00	***
Other Immigrant	− 0.28	0.00	***	− 0.29	0.00	***
Male
Employment (marginal effects)
Observations	6,642,675			2,191,639
R2	0.11			0.12
Native-born, non Pole (comparison)
Immigrant from Poland	− 0.11	0.03	***	− 0.29	0.01	***	†
Other Immigrant	− 0.21	0.01	***	− 0.48	0.00	***	†
Log of Job related income
Observations	6,086,480			1,966,344			na
R2	0.14			0.14
Native-born, non Pole (comparison)
Immigrant from Poland	− 0.63	0.04	***	− 0.79	0.01	***
Other Immigrant	− 0.86	0.01	***	− 1.04	0.00	***
Percent rank of income
Observations	6,086,480			1,966,344
R2	0.19			0.23
Native-born, non Pole (comparison)
Immigrant from Poland	− 0.19	0.01	***	− 0.26	0.00	***	†
Other Immigrant	− 0.26	0.00	***	− 0.29	0.00	***	†

The 2016 Census of Canada is a 25% sample of Canadian households. As per Statistics Canada requirement we show the weighted number of observations
Significance: *0.1; **0.05; ***0.01
Controls: Regressions control for age, age squared, years in the host country for immigrants, years in the host country squared, schooling, marital status, number of children and residence in the 3 largest cities
^†Indicates that the coefficients for Canada and Sweden are statistically different from each other