Table 1 Sample characteristics: Dependent and independent variables and confounders
From: The effect of co-ethnic social capital on immigrants' labor market integration: a natural experiment
Variables | Mean/Share | (SD) | Sample size |
|---|---|---|---|
Dependent variables | |||
Entered first job | 0.86 | 309 | |
Duration until first job | 3.10 | (3.02) | 249 |
Real hourly wages in first job | 6.44 | (2.61) | 219 |
Independent variables | |||
Co-ethnic community size | 0.01 | (0.01) | 309 |
Use of social contacts for job search | 0.46 | 309 | |
Confounders | |||
Female | 0.38 | 309 | |
Partner at arrival | 0.66 | 309 | |
Children at arrival | 0.48 | 309 | |
Age at arrival | 29.40 | (9.76) | 309 |
Country group of origin a | |||
Western, Eastern, and Southeastern Europe | 0.13 | 309 | |
Former USSR | 0.45 | 309 | |
Asia and the Middle East (incl. Turkey) | 0.25 | 309 | |
Africa | 0.17 | 309 | |
Years since immigration a | 13.06 | (6.10) | 309 |
Refugees | 0.53 | 309 | |
Ethnic Germans | 0.25 | 309 | |
Reason for immigration | |||
Political | 0.39 | 309 | |
Family | 0.20 | 309 | |
Economic | 0.28 | 309 | |
Other (including unclear) | 0.13 | 309 | |
Pre-migration connections to Germany | 0.53 | 309 | |
Educational attainment before immigration | |||
Low | 0.60 | 305 | |
Medium | 0.25 | 305 | |
High | 0.15 | 305 | |
(Very) good German language proficiency before immigration b | 0.07 | 309 | |
Good math score in school (above median) | 0.20 | (0.40) | 273 |
Worked before immigration | 0.68 | 309 | |
New educational degree | 0.03 | 309 | |
Recognition of foreign educational degree | 0.04 | 309 | |
Unemployment rate in Germany in the year before immigration | 9.38 | (1.77) | 309 |