Table 1 Logistic regression of language-ethnic identity’s effect on party tie between emigrant and non-emigrant Finnish-Swedes

Variables

Pooled data

Over time

Interaction I

Interaction II

Interaction III

Independent variables

Emigration

0.662*

1.184

0.956

1.060

(0.113)

(0.866)

(0.343)

(0.427)

Years abroad 0–10

1.008

(0.244)

Years abroad 11 + 

0.516***

(0.0995)

Municipality language: bilingual, Finnish majority

3.392**

3.220**

4.293**

3.415**

3.417**

(1.283)

(1.238)

(1.973)

(1.298)

(1.293)

Municipality language: bilingual, Swedish majority

2.188

2.168*

2.545

2.188

2.196

(0.890)

(0.887)

(1.223)

(0.893)

(0.894)

Political orientation (left–right)

11.07***

12.55***

11.095***

16.07***

11.13***

(3.414)

(3.939)

(3.430)

(7.203)

(3.435)

Social conservatism-liberalism

4.263***

4.860***

4.261***

4.389***

5.491***

(1.183)

(1.379)

(1.182)

(1.226)

(1.874)

Interaction terms

1.emigr#Municipality language: bilingual, Finnish majority

0.514

(0.383)

1.emigr#Municipality language: bilingual, Swedish majority

0.610

(0.462)

1.emigr#c.Political orientation (left–right)

0.513

(0.295)

1.emigr#c.Social conservatism-liberalism

0.539

Controls

(0.259)

Belonging with Swedish Finland

19.47***

18.38***

19.719***

19.53***

19.52***

(6.073)

(5.815)

(6.181)

(6.102)

(6.088)

Finnish language skills (inverted)

1.273

1.472

1.273

1.248

1.276

(0.339)

(0.403)

(0.339)

(0.332)

(0.340)

Interest in politics

0.625

0.656

0.627

0.646

0.617

(0.178)

(0.188)

(0.179)

(0.185)

(0.176)

Political party membership

1.642

1.564*

1.665*

1.625

1.648*

(0.416)

(0.406)

(0.424)

(0.412)

(0.418)

Finnish politics on social media

1.019

0.995

1.023

1.007

1.036

(0.152)

(0.151)

(0.153)

(0.151)

(0.155)

High education dummy

1.653**

1.610**

1.636**

1.638**

1.675**

(0.252)

(0.249)

(0.251)

(0.251)

(0.257)

Employment dummy

1.069

1.132

1.074

1.065

1.074

(0.162)

(0.175)

(0.162)

(0.161)

(0.163)

High household income dummy

1.137

1.154

1.149

1.151

1.147

(0.166)

(0.170)

(0.168)

(0.168)

(0.167)

Age (years)

1.022***

1.028***

1.022***

1.022***

1.023***

(0.004)

(0.005)

(0.004)

(0.004)

(0.004)

Sex (male)

1.176

1.134

1.176

1.173

1.183

(0.176)

(0.172)

(0.177)

(0.176)

(0.178)

Municipality size 10 001–30 000

0.908

0.892

0.911

0.909

0.905

(0.186)

(0.185)

(0.187)

(0.186)

(0.186)

Municipality size 30 001–100 000

0.624

0.665

0.625

0.622

0.623

(0.204)

(0.221)

(0.206)

(0.204)

(0.204)

Municipality size 100 001–500 000

0.346**

0.361**

0.347**

0.343**

0.345**

(0.114)

(0.120)

(0.115)

(0.113)

(0.114)

Municipality size + 500 000

0.313**

0.318**

0.314***

0.313***

0.306***

(0.104)

(0.106)

(0.104)

(0.104)

(0.102)

Constant

0.00229***

0.00152***

0.00209***

0.00186***

0.00185***

(0.00156)

(0.00108)

(0.00152)

(0.00132)

(0.00130)

Observations

1205

1190

1205

1205

1205