From: Re-thinking the drivers of regular and irregular migration: evidence from the MENA region
Algeria | Egypt | Iraq | Jordan | Kuwait | Lebanon | Libya | Morocco | Palestine | Sudan | Tunisia | Yemen | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Socio-demographics | ||||||||||||
Male | 1.26*** (0.15) | 2.71*** (0.21) | 0.09 (0.11) | 0.59*** (0.12) | − 0.23 (0.27) | 0.57*** (0.12) | − 0.13 (0.15) | 1.07*** (0.13) | 0.29** (0.13) | 0.80*** (0.14) | 0.61*** (0.13) | 1.74*** (0.16) |
Age | − 0.06*** (0.01) | − 0.09*** (0.01) | − 0.02*** (0.00) | − 0.03*** (0.00) | − 0.03*** (0.01) | − 0.02*** (0.00) | − 0.02*** (0.01) | − 0.06*** (0.01) | − 0.02*** (0.01) | − 0.04*** (0.01) | − 0.03*** (0.01) | − 0.06*** (0.01) |
University | 0.14*** (0.04) | 0.03 (0.05) | 0.10*** (0.03) | 0.07** (0.03) | 0.13* (0.07) | 0.09*** (0.03) | 0.12*** (0.04) | 0.13*** (0.04) | 0.16*** (0.03) | 0.15*** (0.03) | 0.15*** (0.04) | 0.15*** (0.03) |
Unemployed | 0.13 (0.19) | 0.63** (0.26) | 0.16 (0.16) | − 0.28 (0.19) | 0.56 (0.47) | − 0.15 (0.22) | − 0.09 (0.21) | 0.36** (0.16) | 0.64*** (0.18) | − 0.23 (0.18) | 0.38** (0.18) | 0.13 (0.17) |
Unmarried | 0.58*** (0.19) | − 0.09 (0.23) | − 0.05 (0.13) | 0.32* (0.17) | 0.17 (0.29) | 0.24* (0.14) | 0.41** (0.18) | 0.21 (0.18) | 0.51*** (0.15) | 0.13 (0.15) | 0.40** (0.17) | − 0.13 (0.17) |
High income | − 0.02 (0.15) | − 0.11 (0.17) | − 0.23** (0.10) | − 0.07 (0.12) | 0.69*** (0.25) | 0.05 (0.16) | − 0.01 (0.17) | − 0.12 (0.14) | − 0.03 (0.13) | − 0.05 (0.13) | 0.14 (0.14) | 0.22 (0.13) |
Religious | 0.25 (0.18) | − 0.34** (0.17) | − 0.32*** (0.10) | − 0.31** (0.12) | − 0.05 (0.44) | − 0.09 (0.13) | − 0.08 (0.18) | − 0.52*** (0.15) | − 0.38*** (0.13) | 0.02 (0.14) | − 0.09 (0.14) | − 0.40*** (0.15) |
(Perceived) economic and political context | ||||||||||||
Economic pessimism | 0.20*** (0.07) | 0.03 (0.09) | 0.14*** (0.04) | 0.16*** (0.05) | 0.22* (0.12) | 0.10* (0.06) | − 0.01 (0.06) | 0.23*** (0.06) | 0.05 (0.05) | 0.12** (0.06) | 0.25*** (0.05) | 0.23*** (0.07) |
Perceived democracy | − 0.04 (0.03) | − 0.17*** (0.04) | − 0.06*** (0.02) | − 0.07*** (0.02) | − 0.17*** (0.06) | − 0.04* (0.02) | − 0.03 (0.03) | − 0.09*** (0.03) | − 0.08*** (0.03) | − 0.09*** (0.03) | − 0.05** (0.02) | 0.00 (0.03) |
Perceived corruption | § | 0.14 (0.14) | 0.37*** (0.09) | 0.32*** (0.09) | 0.36 (0.25) | 0.44*** (0.09) | 0.03 (0.12) | 0.39*** (0.09) | 0.15* (0.08) | 0.32*** (0.09) | 0.35*** (0.11) | 0.36*** (0.09) |
Access to migrant networks | ||||||||||||
Use social media | 0.32*** (0.09) | 0.21 (0.13) | 0.06 (0.05) | 0.10 (0.07) | − 0.29* (0.16) | − 0.03 (0.06) | 0.32*** (0.09) | 0.14 (0.10) | 0.19*** (0.07) | 0.03 (0.09) | 0.18*** (0.07) | 0.17* (0.10) |
Trust social media | 0.22** (0.10) | − 0.07 (0.10) | 0.17*** (0.05) | 0.22*** (0.07) | 0.03 (0.14) | 0.16** (0.08) | − 0.10 (0.10) | 0.21*** (0.07) | 0.18** (0.08) | 0.13* (0.08) | 0.21*** (0.07) | 0.19*** (0.07) |
Receive remittances | 0.19 (0.15) | 0.10 (0.14) | 0.27** (0.12) | 0.24* (0.14) | 0.19 (0.26) | 0.19* (0.11) | 0.24 (0.17) | 0.28** (0.13) | 0.27*** (0.10) | 0.13 (0.10) | 0.41*** (0.12) | 0.16* (0.09) |
Psychological factors | ||||||||||||
Feel free to make decision | 0.38*** (0.13) | 0.05 (0.13) | 0.11 (0.08) | 0.08 (0.09) | − 0.03 (0.24) | 0.23** (0.10) | 0.04 (0.12) | 0.11 (0.10) | 0.03 (0.09) | 0.02 (0.11) | 0.00 (0.11) | 0.07 (0.11) |
Stress | 0.23* (0.12) | 0.33** (0.15) | 0.15* (0.08) | 0.35*** (0.09) | 0.27 (0.24) | 0.16 (0.11) | 0.35*** (0.10) | 0.24** (0.11) | 0.22** (0.10) | 0.34*** (0.12) | 0.29*** (0.08) | 0.43*** (0.13) |
Depression | 0.13 (0.12) | − 0.03 (0.14) | 0.15* (0.08) | 0.03 (0.10) | 0.05 (0.22) | 0.24** (0.11) | 0.09 (0.11) | 0.05 (0.10) | 0.12 (0.11) | 0.05 (0.11) | 0.09 (0.08) | − 0.08 (0.12) |
Interpersonal trust | 0.07 (0.26) | − 0.36* (0.19) | − 0.23 (0.19) | − 0.37* (0.21) | 0.97*** (0.30) | 0.48* (0.27) | − 0.40 (0.30) | − 0.17 (0.18) | − 0.28 (0.20) | − 0.14 (0.19) | − 0.44* (0.25) | − 0.32** (0.15) |
Constant | − 4.14*** (0.88) | − 0.34 (1.14) | − 3.25*** (0.61) | − 2.51*** (0.67) | − 3.72** (1.69) | − 5.21*** (0.76) | − 2.75*** (0.87) | − 2.48*** (0.73) | − 3.13*** (0.67) | − 1.87** (0.74) | − 3.97*** (0.73) | − 3.84*** (0.70) |
Observations | 2332 | 2302 | 2429 | 2325 | 1344 | 2395 | 1938 | 2298 | 2388 | 1714 | 2298 | 2339 |