Table 4 Logistic regression analyses of propensity to migrate without papers, among those thinking of migrating, by country
From: Re-thinking the drivers of regular and irregular migration: evidence from the MENA region
Algeria | Egypt | Iraq | Jordan | Kuwait | Lebanon | Libya | Morocco | Palestine | Sudan | Tunisia | Yemen | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Socio-demographics | ||||||||||||
Male | 1.55*** (0.28) | 0.60 (0.37) | 0.73*** (0.19) | 0.81*** (0.23) | − 2.28 (1.84) | 0.46 (0.34) | 0.92*** (0.31) | 2.10*** (0.24) | 0.58** (0.23) | 0.74*** (0.18) | 1.01*** (0.24) | 1.77*** (0.35) |
Age | − 0.05*** (0.02) | − 0.03 (0.02) | − 0.01 (0.01) | − 0.00 (0.01) | − 0.02 (0.07) | − 0.02 (0.02) | 0.01 (0.02) | − 0.01 (0.02) | 0.01 (0.01) | − 0.01 (0.01) | − 0.00 (0.01) | − 0.00 (0.01) |
University | − 0.06 (0.06) | − 0.13 (0.08) | 0.00 (0.05) | − 0.08 (0.06) | − 0.21 (0.51) | − 0.07 (0.09) | − 0.26*** (0.09) | − 0.22*** (0.05) | 0.02 (0.05) | − 0.02 (0.05) | − 0.25*** (0.06) | − 0.12** (0.05) |
Unemployed | 0.25 (0.26) | 0.37 (0.37) | 0.66*** (0.25) | 0.33 (0.28) | 2.82 (2.62) | 0.13 (0.57) | 0.80** (0.40) | 0.58*** (0.20) | 0.06 (0.29) | − 0.31 (0.23) | − 0.00 (0.24) | 0.13 (0.26) |
Unmarried | 0.62** (0.29) | 0.05 (0.38) | 0.08 (0.22) | − 0.23 (0.32) | − 2.02 (1.75) | − 0.00 (0.46) | 0.17 (0.35) | 0.57** (0.28) | 0.52* (0.28) | 0.25 (0.19) | 0.50* (0.28) | 0.29 (0.27) |
High income | − 0.56** (0.24) | − 1.12*** (0.30) | − 0.37** (0.17) | − 0.50** (0.24) | 1.81 (1.67) | − 0.27 (0.43) | 0.56* (0.32) | 0.02 (0.19) | − 0.56*** (0.21) | − 0.51*** (0.17) | − 0.46* (0.24) | − 0.60*** (0.22) |
Religious | − 0.20 (0.29) | 0.18 (0.33) | 0.21 (0.18) | 0.22 (0.24) | − 0.44 (2.81) | − 0.07 (0.38) | 0.25 (0.34) | − 0.22 (0.25) | 0.03 (0.25) | − 0.11 (0.18) | 0.13 (0.26) | − 0.73*** (0.26) |
(Perceived) economic and political context | ||||||||||||
Economic pessimism | 0.21** (0.10) | 0.16 (0.14) | 0.06 (0.07) | 0.28*** (0.09) | 0.19 (0.70) | 0.05 (0.16) | − 0.07 (0.12) | 0.11 (0.08) | 0.02 (0.10) | 0.01 (0.07) | 0.26*** (0.08) | − 0.20** (0.10) |
Perceived democracy | − 0.00 (0.05) | − 0.10 (0.07) | − 0.05* (0.03) | − 0.07 (0.04) | − 0.33 (0.32) | 0.10 (0.07) | − 0.05 (0.06) | − 0.16*** (0.05) | − 0.08 (0.05) | − 0.06 (0.04) | − 0.06* (0.04) | 0.02 (0.04) |
Perceived corruption | 0.06 (0.21) | 0.17 (0.22) | − 0.04 (0.16) | − 1.00 (1.13) | − 0.21 (0.29) | 0.07 (0.18) | 0.18 (0.14) | − 0.10 (0.16) | − 0.16 (0.10) | 0.18 (0.20) | 0.11 (0.15) | |
Access to migrant networks | ||||||||||||
Use social media | 0.14 (0.14) | − 0.18 (0.19) | 0.10 (0.09) | 0.29** (0.12) | 0.48 (0.89) | − 0.64*** (0.18) | 0.27* (0.15) | 0.10 (0.12) | 0.01 (0.12) | 0.03 (0.11) | 0.29*** (0.10) | − 0.12 (0.18) |
Trust social media | − 0.17 (0.14) | − 0.00 (0.16) | 0.18** (0.08) | − 0.05 (0.13) | 0.83 (0.88) | − 0.08 (0.16) | 0.21 (0.18) | − 0.05 (0.11) | − 0.00 (0.14) | 0.14 (0.10) | 0.19* (0.11) | − 0.08 (0.13) |
Receive remittances | 0.01 (0.23) | 0.05 (0.25) | 0.16 (0.17) | 0.12 (0.22) | − 0.06 (1.67) | 0.01 (0.30) | 0.04 (0.32) | 0.04 (0.14) | 0.10 (0.15) | − 0.05 (0.12) | − 0.01 (0.15) | 0.02 (0.14) |
Psychological factors | ||||||||||||
Feel free to make decision | − 0.11 (0.18) | 0.02 (0.19) | − 0.12 (0.12) | − 0.16 (0.17) | − 0.80 (1.05) | − 0.18 (0.29) | − 0.25 (0.23) | 0.05 (0.14) | − 0.06 (0.15) | − 0.15 (0.14) | 0.09 (0.15) | − 0.12 (0.19) |
Stress | 0.05 (0.22) | − 0.05 (0.25) | − 0.04 (0.14) | 0.06 (0.20) | 0.39 (1.13) | − 0.18 (0.33) | 0.05 (0.25) | 0.16 (0.15) | 0.23 (0.21) | 0.16 (0.16) | 0.09 (0.14) | − 0.03 (0.20) |
Depression | 0.15 (0.22) | 0.06 (0.22) | 0.07 (0.13) | − 0.02 (0.16) | − 0.30 (1.46) | 0.23 (0.32) | 0.40* (0.24) | 0.38** (0.17) | 0.16 (0.17) | − 0.07 (0.14) | 0.15 (0.14) | − 0.14 (0.22) |
Interpersonal trust | 0.14 (0.42) | − 0.25 (0.38) | 0.07 (0.32) | 0.44 (0.38) | − 1.28 (1.88) | 1.80*** (0.54) | 1.29** (0.56) | 0.41 (0.30) | 0.09 (0.35) | 0.02 (0.25) | 0.46 (0.48) | − 0.07 (0.25) |
Constant | − 0.72 (1.40) | 0.33 (1.80) | − 1.86 (1.22) | − 3.03** (1.23) | 3.75 (7.92) | − 0.61 (1.94) | − 3.84** (1.70) | − 4.14*** (1.20) | − 1.99 (1.25) | 0.54 (0.94) | − 4.56*** (1.27) | 0.16 (1.31) |
Observations | 795 | 516 | 821 | 933 | 96 | 584 | 360 | 865 | 629 | 920 | 720 | 560 |