Table 6 Linear regression analyses of propensity to migrate by country
From: Re-thinking the drivers of regular and irregular migration: evidence from the MENA region
Algeria | Egypt | Iraq | Jordan | Kuwait | Lebanon | Libya | Morocco | Palestine | Sudan | Tunisia | Yemen | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Socio-demographics | ||||||||||||
Male | 0.19*** (0.02) | 0.33*** (0.02) | 0.02 (0.02) | 0.12*** (0.03) | − 0.02 (0.02) | 0.10*** (0.02) | − 0.02 (0.02) | 0.16*** (0.02) | 0.04* (0.02) | 0.16*** (0.03) | 0.10*** (0.02) | 0.22*** (0.02) |
Age | − 0.01*** (0.00) | − 0.01*** (0.00) | − 0.00*** (0.00) | − 0.01*** (0.00) | − 0.00*** (0.00) | − 0.00*** (0.00) | − 0.00*** (0.00) | − 0.01*** (0.00) | − 0.00*** (0.00) | − 0.01*** (0.00) | − 0.00*** (0.00) | − 0.01*** (0.00) |
University | 0.02*** (0.01) | 0.00 (0.01) | 0.02*** (0.01) | 0.02** (0.01) | 0.01* (0.00) | 0.02*** (0.01) | 0.02*** (0.01) | 0.02*** (0.01) | 0.03*** (0.01) | 0.03*** (0.01) | 0.03*** (0.01) | 0.03*** (0.01) |
Unemployed | 0.03 (0.04) | 0.08* (0.04) | 0.04 (0.03) | − 0.05 (0.04) | 0.05 (0.05) | − 0.03 (0.04) | − 0.02 (0.03) | 0.06** (0.03) | 0.14*** (0.04) | − 0.04 (0.04) | 0.08** (0.04) | 0.04 (0.03) |
Unmarried | 0.15*** (0.03) | 0.09** (0.04) | − 0.00 (0.03) | 0.08** (0.04) | 0.01 (0.02) | 0.05** (0.03) | 0.07** (0.03) | 0.10*** (0.03) | 0.12*** (0.03) | 0.03 (0.03) | 0.12*** (0.03) | 0.01 (0.03) |
High income | − 0.01 (0.02) | − 0.01 (0.02) | − 0.05** (0.02) | − 0.01 (0.03) | 0.06*** (0.02) | 0.01 (0.03) | − 0.00 (0.03) | − 0.02 (0.02) | − 0.01 (0.02) | − 0.01 (0.03) | 0.02 (0.03) | 0.03* (0.02) |
Religious | 0.03 (0.02) | − 0.04* (0.02) | − 0.06*** (0.02) | − 0.06** (0.02) | − 0.01 (0.03) | − 0.01 (0.02) | − 0.01 (0.03) | − 0.07*** (0.02) | − 0.06*** (0.02) | 0.00 (0.03) | − 0.02 (0.02) | − 0.05*** (0.02) |
(Perceived) economic and political context | ||||||||||||
Economic pessimism | 0.03** (0.01) | 0.01 (0.01) | 0.03*** (0.01) | 0.03*** (0.01) | 0.02** (0.01) | 0.02* (0.01) | − 0.00 (0.01) | 0.03*** (0.01) | 0.01 (0.01) | 0.02* (0.01) | 0.04*** (0.01) | 0.03*** (0.01) |
Perceived democracy | − 0.01 (0.00) | − 0.02*** (0.01) | − 0.01*** (0.00) | − 0.01*** (0.00) | − 0.01*** (0.01) | − 0.01* (0.00) | − 0.00 (0.00) | − 0.01*** (0.00) | − 0.01*** (0.00) | − 0.02*** (0.01) | − 0.01** (0.00) | − 0.00 (0.00) |
Perceived corruption | § | 0.02 (0.02) | 0.06*** (0.01) | 0.06*** (0.02) | 0.02 (0.01) | 0.07*** (0.01) | 0.00 (0.02) | 0.06*** (0.01) | 0.02** (0.01) | 0.06*** (0.02) | 0.05*** (0.01) | 0.05*** (0.01) |
Access to migrant networks | ||||||||||||
Use social media | 0.05*** (0.01) | 0.02 (0.02) | 0.01 (0.01) | 0.02 (0.01) | − 0.02** (0.01) | − 0.00 (0.01) | 0.05*** (0.02) | 0.01 (0.01) | 0.03*** (0.01) | 0.01 (0.02) | 0.03*** (0.01) | 0.02 (0.01) |
Trust social media | 0.03** (0.01) | − 0.01 (0.01) | 0.03*** (0.01) | 0.04*** (0.01) | − 0.00 (0.01) | 0.03** (0.01) | − 0.01 (0.02) | 0.04*** (0.01) | 0.03** (0.01) | 0.03 (0.02) | 0.03*** (0.01) | 0.03*** (0.01) |
Receive remittances | 0.02 (0.02) | 0.03 (0.02) | 0.05** (0.02) | 0.05** (0.02) | 0.01 (0.02) | 0.03* (0.02) | 0.04 (0.03) | 0.04*** (0.01) | 0.05*** (0.02) | 0.02 (0.02) | 0.07*** (0.02) | 0.02** (0.01) |
Psychological factors | ||||||||||||
Feel free to make decision | 0.05*** (0.02) | 0.00 (0.02) | 0.02 (0.02) | 0.01 (0.02) | − 0.00 (0.02) | 0.04** (0.02) | 0.01 (0.02) | 0.01 (0.01) | 0.01 (0.02) | 0.01 (0.02) | 0.00 (0.02) | 0.01 (0.01) |
Stress | 0.03 (0.02) | 0.04* (0.02) | 0.03* (0.02) | 0.07*** (0.02) | 0.02 (0.02) | 0.03* (0.02) | 0.05*** (0.02) | 0.03* (0.02) | 0.03* (0.02) | 0.08*** (0.03) | 0.05*** (0.01) | 0.06*** (0.02) |
Depression | 0.02 (0.02) | 0.00 (0.02) | 0.03* (0.02) | 0.01 (0.02) | 0.01 (0.02) | 0.04** (0.02) | 0.01 (0.02) | 0.01 (0.02) | 0.02 (0.02) | − 0.00 (0.03) | 0.01 (0.01) | − 0.01 (0.01) |
Interpersonal trust | 0.02 (0.03) | − 0.03 (0.02) | − 0.03 (0.03) | − 0.07* (0.04) | 0.08*** (0.03) | 0.09* (0.05) | − 0.05 (0.04) | − 0.01 (0.02) | − 0.04 (0.03) | − 0.03 (0.04) | − 0.06* (0.03) | − 0.04** (0.02) |
Constant | − 0.21* (0.11) | 0.28** (0.13) | − 0.15 (0.11) | − 0.01 (0.13) | 0.04 (0.12) | − 0.45*** (0.12) | − 0.04 (0.13) | 0.05 (0.10) | − 0.11 (0.11) | 0.11 (0.15) | − 0.21* (0.11) | − 0.16* (0.08) |
Observations | 2332 | 2302 | 2429 | 2325 | 1344 | 2395 | 1938 | 2298 | 2388 | 1714 | 2298 | 2339 |