Table 7 Linear regression analyses of propensity to migrate without papers, among those thinking of migrating, by country
From: Re-thinking the drivers of regular and irregular migration: evidence from the MENA region
Algeria | Egypt | Iraq | Jordan | Kuwait | Lebanon | Libya | Morocco | Palestine | Sudan | Tunisia | Yemen | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Socio-demographics | ||||||||||||
Male | 0.29*** (0.05) | 0.10 (0.06) | 0.16*** (0.04) | 0.11*** (0.03) | − 0.12* (0.07) | 0.04 (0.03) | 0.17*** (0.06) | 0.35*** (0.03) | 0.12*** (0.04) | 0.17*** (0.04) | 0.19*** (0.04) | 0.31*** (0.05) |
Age | − 0.01*** (0.00) | − 0.00 (0.00) | − 0.00 (0.00) | − 0.00 (0.00) | − 0.00 (0.00) | − 0.00 (0.00) | 0.00 (0.00) | − 0.00 (0.00) | 0.00 (0.00) | − 0.00 (0.00) | − 0.00 (0.00) | − 0.00 (0.00) |
University | − 0.01 (0.01) | − 0.02* (0.01) | − 0.00 (0.01) | − 0.01 (0.01) | − 0.02 (0.02) | − 0.01 (0.01) | − 0.06*** (0.02) | − 0.04*** (0.01) | 0.00 (0.01) | − 0.01 (0.01) | − 0.05*** (0.01) | − 0.02** (0.01) |
Unemployed | 0.05 (0.05) | 0.07 (0.07) | 0.16*** (0.06) | 0.07 (0.05) | 0.18 (0.15) | 0.03 (0.07) | 0.16* (0.08) | 0.11*** (0.03) | 0.02 (0.06) | − 0.07 (0.05) | 0.01 (0.05) | 0.03 (0.06) |
Unmarried | 0.14** (0.06) | 0.01 (0.07) | 0.02 (0.05) | − 0.03 (0.04) | − 0.13 (0.10) | 0.00 (0.04) | 0.03 (0.06) | 0.09** (0.04) | 0.11* (0.06) | 0.05 (0.04) | 0.09* (0.05) | 0.05 (0.06) |
High income | − 0.10** (0.05) | − 0.20*** (0.05) | − 0.08** (0.04) | − 0.07** (0.03) | 0.10* (0.06) | − 0.03 (0.05) | 0.10* (0.06) | − 0.00 (0.03) | − 0.11** (0.04) | − 0.12*** (0.04) | − 0.09* (0.05) | − 0.13*** (0.05) |
Religious | − 0.03 (0.05) | 0.03 (0.06) | 0.05 (0.04) | 0.03 (0.03) | 0.02 (0.11) | − 0.00 (0.04) | 0.05 (0.07) | − 0.03 (0.04) | 0.00 (0.05) | − 0.03 (0.04) | 0.02 (0.05) | − 0.15*** (0.05) |
(Perceived) economic and political context | ||||||||||||
Economic pessimism | 0.04** (0.02) | 0.03 (0.03) | 0.01 (0.02) | 0.04*** (0.01) | 0.01 (0.03) | 0.00 (0.02) | − 0.01 (0.02) | 0.02 (0.01) | 0.01 (0.02) | 0.00 (0.02) | 0.05*** (0.01) | − 0.04** (0.02) |
Perceived democracy | − 0.00 (0.01) | − 0.02 (0.01) | − 0.01* (0.01) | − 0.01* (0.01) | − 0.02 (0.01) | 0.01 (0.01) | − 0.01 (0.01) | − 0.03*** (0.01) | − 0.02 (0.01) | − 0.01 (0.01) | − 0.01* (0.01) | 0.00 (0.01) |
Perceived corruption | § | 0.01 (0.03) | 0.04 (0.04) | − 0.01 (0.02) | − 0.04 (0.04) | − 0.02 (0.03) | 0.01 (0.03) | 0.03 (0.02) | − 0.02 (0.03) | − 0.04 (0.02) | 0.04 (0.04) | 0.02 (0.03) |
Access to migrant networks | ||||||||||||
Use social media | 0.03 (0.03) | − 0.02 (0.04) | 0.02 (0.02) | 0.04** (0.02) | 0.03 (0.03) | − 0.06*** (0.02) | 0.05 (0.03) | 0.02 (0.02) | 0.00 (0.02) | 0.01 (0.03) | 0.06*** (0.02) | − 0.03 (0.03) |
Trust social media | − 0.04 (0.03) | 0.01 (0.03) | 0.04** (0.02) | − 0.01 (0.02) | 0.03 (0.03) | − 0.01 (0.02) | 0.04 (0.04) | − 0.00 (0.02) | 0.00 (0.03) | 0.03 (0.02) | 0.03* (0.02) | − 0.01 (0.03) |
Receive remittances | − 0.01 (0.04) | 0.01 (0.05) | 0.04 (0.04) | 0.01 (0.03) | 0.02 (0.07) | 0.01 (0.03) | − 0.00 (0.06) | 0.01 (0.02) | 0.01 (0.03) | − 0.01 (0.03) | − 0.00 (0.03) | 0.01 (0.03) |
Psychological factors | ||||||||||||
Feel free to make decision | − 0.03 (0.04) | 0.01 (0.03) | − 0.03 (0.03) | − 0.02 (0.03) | − 0.02 (0.04) | − 0.01 (0.03) | − 0.06 (0.05) | 0.01 (0.02) | − 0.01 (0.03) | − 0.03 (0.03) | 0.02 (0.03) | − 0.02 (0.04) |
Stress | 0.00 (0.05) | − 0.01 (0.04) | − 0.00 (0.03) | 0.01 (0.03) | 0.01 (0.06) | − 0.03 (0.03) | − 0.01 (0.05) | 0.03 (0.03) | 0.05 (0.04) | 0.03 (0.04) | 0.03 (0.02) | − 0.02 (0.04) |
Depression | 0.03 (0.04) | 0.02 (0.04) | 0.01 (0.03) | − 0.01 (0.02) | − 0.01 (0.07) | 0.02 (0.03) | 0.08* (0.04) | 0.07** (0.03) | 0.04 (0.03) | − 0.02 (0.03) | 0.02 (0.02) | − 0.03 (0.04) |
Interpersonal trust | 0.03 (0.08) | − 0.04 (0.06) | 0.01 (0.07) | 0.05 (0.06) | − 0.02 (0.07) | 0.24*** (0.09) | 0.25** (0.11) | 0.07 (0.05) | 0.03 (0.07) | 0.00 (0.06) | 0.09 (0.09) | − 0.02 (0.05) |
Constant | 0.38 (0.26) | 0.42 (0.30) | 0.08 (0.25) | 0.02 (0.17) | 0.39 (0.29) | 0.21 (0.22) | − 0.12 (0.33) | − 0.24 (0.19) | 0.06 (0.25) | 0.66*** (0.21) | − 0.39* (0.24) | 0.59** (0.25) |
Observations | 795 | 516 | 821 | 933 | 96 | 584 | 360 | 865 | 629 | 920 | 720 | 560 |