Table 2 Distribution of responses in questionnaire items

Place identity

A1. All the things in Hong Kong represent me

14

17.3

21.3

26

21.5

A2. I can truly be myself when I am in Hong Kong

31.2

28.3

14.3

14.1

12.1

A3. I am proud of being a Hong Konger

43.2

27.5

15.2

8.4

5.6

Place affect

A4. I want to stay in Hong Kong instead of moving to other places

40.3

25.2

13.9

10.6

10

A5. I enjoy living in Hong Kong

35.4

29.8

16.1

11

7.7

A6. There are other places that are more suitable for living than Hong Kong. (R)

33.6

29.7

10.6

12.6

13.5

A7. I miss Hong Kong when I am away

51.3

32

9

4.3

3.4

Place dependence

A8. My daily needs can be satisfied in Hong Kong

46.8

33.7

10.9

5.7

2.9

A9. Hong Kong allows me to do things that I cannot do in other places

23.3

27.3

16.1

19.8

13.4

A10. I cannot do some of the things that I want to do when staying in Hong Kong. (R)

31.1

35.2

12.1

10.7

10.9

A11. Hong Kong provides different opportunities for me

29.2

32.9

17.3

11.4

9.2

Place social bonding

A12. The social networks I developed in Hong Kong are important to me

49.1

34.2

9

5.8

1.9

A13. People who I want to stay in contact with are in Hong Kong

41.6

29.9

12.4

11.3

4.8

A14. In Hong Kong, I can easily find people who share my interests

36

37.1

14.1

8.9

3.9

A15. People who are important to me are staying in Hong Kong

46.3

30.6

9.1

8.9

5.1

Inequality

B1. Differences in income in Hong Kong are too large

53.7

33.8

6

4

2.5

B2. Disparity between the rich and the poor in Hong Kong has grown in the past five years

55.2

31.9

5.3

4.6

3

B3. There are enough opportunities for upward mobility in Hong Kong for people to become successful

11.3

27.2

22.1

21.7

17.6

B4. Hard work doesn’t generally bring success; it’s more a matter of luck and connections

18.4

29.8

20

18.4

13.4

Trust and confidence in the law and the legal system

C1. The law protects the rights of people in power rather than those of ordinary citizens. (R)

24.7

23.4

17

17.7

17.3

C2. People in power use the law to try to control ordinary citizens. (R)

29.2

21.8

13.7

15.9

19.4

C3. The law protects the interests of all citizens

20.4

22.3

19.1

17.7

20.4

C4. The law is made through a fair procedure

22.2

26.8

16.8

13.1

21.1

C5. Judges generally deliver reasonable judgements

15.4

28.7

21.4

17.6

16.8

Global citizenship

D1. I keep up with global affairs by reading international news

15.1

23.7

9.5

D2. I donate to international non-governmental organizations with global aims

1.9

16.2

58.4

D3. I participate in activities that enhance the understanding and welfare of ethnic minorities

0.6

9.5

66.7

D4. I do things (e.g., recycling at home or buying second-hand products) for environmental purposes

5.9

36

15.7

D5. I am a member of a non-governmental organization with global aims

0.1

2.5

91

D6. I use the internet or social media to participate in global social movements (e.g., related to poverty, human rights, democracy, and anti-human trafficking, etc.)

0.4

13.8

67

Mobility

E1. How often did you visit mainland China before the social movements in 2019 and COVID-19 occurred?

4.9

29.2

17.4

E2. How often did you visit destinations other than mainland China before the social movements in 2019 and COVID-19 occurred?

2

34.9

23.9

F1. I intend to migrate to mainland China within the next two years

4

65.3

F2. I intend to migrate internationally to destinations other than mainland China within the next two years

8.4

48