The student migration transition: an empirical investigation into the nexus between development and international student migration

Comparative Migration Studies

Table 1 Descriptive Statistics of HDI, ISM, Ranking, and GDP per World Region (Averages per Country Grouping)

World Bank Region	Human development index			Incoming international students (relative to population aged 15–24)			Outgoing international students (relative to population aged 15–24)
World Bank Region	2003–2007	2008–2013	2014–2018	2003–2007	2008–2013	2014–2018	2003–2007	2008–2013	2014–2018
East Asia and the Pacific	0.57	0.63	0.66	0.12	0.31	0.47	0.34	0.49	0.76
Europe and Central Asia	0.76	0.79	0.82	0.92	1.29	1.92	1.01	1.32	2.09
Latin America & the Caribbean	0.61	0.65	0.68	0.06	0.08	0.13	0.20	0.22	0.31
Middle East and North Africa	0.56	0.61	0.64	0.49	0.80	1.38	0.67	0.85	1.44
North America	0.85	0.87	0.89	1.34	1.80	2.98	0.50	0.53	0.63
Oceania	0.81	0.92	0.92	4.00	6.65	8.58	0.42	0.33	0.59
South Asia	0.36	0.45	0.50	0.00	0.01	0.02	0.14	0.33	0.68
Sub-Saharan Africa	0.37	0.42	0.45	0.09	0.11	0.13	0.44	0.38	0.39

World Bank Region	Total shanghai ranking Score per country			GDP per capita
	2003–2007	2008–2013	2014–2018	2003–2007	2008–2013	2014–2018
East Asia and the Pacific	48	47	48	12,135	16,308	19,887
Europe and Central Asia	53	52	63	20,570	25,735	31,301
Latin America and the Caribbean	4	8	8	8976	11,353	14,041
Middle East and North Africa	0	10	8	30,481	42,093	33,680
North America	1741	1667	1545	39,927	45,485	52,837
Oceania	139	176	161	28,580	40,570	43,955
South Asia	5	2	3	3260	4735	8385
Sub-Saharan Africa	2	1	1	4233	4226	4885