Table 1 Individual equality dimension (1980–2008)

Individual Equality Dimension_t − 1

0.774^a (0.080)

MRER_ij

1.697^a (0.470)

1.566^a (0.433)

1.046^b (0.319)

0.457^d (0.254)

0.797^c (0.322)

GDP per Capita_j (US$ in Thousands)

0.007 (0.012)

0.009 (0.018)

0.010 (0.013)

0.038^a (0.009)

Immigrant Electorate_i

0.035^a (0.008)

0.005 (0.008)

0.031^c (0.016)

Trade Union Density_i

0.005^d (0.003)

−0.001 (0.001)

0.000 (0.003)

Right-Wing Populist Vote Share_i

−0.026^c (0.011)

−0.007^d (0.004)

0.002 (0.004)

Year 1990

0.085^a (0.000)

0.076^a (0.016)

0.048^d (0.029)

−0.013 (0.023)

Year 2002

0.294^a (0.015)

0.257^a (0.060)

0.274^c (0.124)

0.087^d (0.051)

−0.055 (0.056)

Year 2008

0.266^a (0.013)

0.187 (0.133)

0.164 (0.225)

−0.128 (0.123)

−0.374^b (0.116)

Country Fixed Effects

✔

Year Fixed Effects

✔

✔

✔

✔

✔

Observations

40

40

40

30

40

Countries

10

10

10

10

10

R²

0.304

0.306

0.529

0.912

0.941