Taking high-stakes venture to make ends meet? Determinants and impacts of international migration of Ethiopians to the Middle East

Comparative Migration Studies

Table 3 Descriptive statistics of sample households (for dummy and categorical variables)

Variables	Categories	Migrant sending HHs		Non-migrant sending HHs		Total		χ2
		Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%
Sex of household head	Male	93	53.76	135	78.03	228	65.9	22.67***
	Female	80	46.24	38	21.97	118	34.1
Marital status	Married	112	64.74	136	78.61	248	71.68	13.35***
	Single	1	0.58	4	2.31	5	1.45
	Divorced	47	27.17	22	12.72	69	19.94
	Widowed	13	7.51	11	6.36	24	6.94
Education level	Illiterate	82	47.4	70	40.46	152	43.93	3.81
	Can only read and write	29	16.76	42	24.28	71	20.52
	Grades 1 to 8	53	30.64	50	28.9	103	29.77
	Grades 9 to 10	8	4.62	9	5.2	17	4.91
	Grade 11 and above	1	0.58	2	1.16	3	0.87
Employment status	Employed	86	49.71	102	58.96	188	54.34	2.98*
Employment status	Unemployed	87	50.29	71	41.04	158	45.66	2.98*
Use of credit	Access to credit	53	30.64	68	39.31	121	34.97	2.86*
Use of credit	No access to credit	120	69.36	105	60.69	225	65.03	2.86*
Engagement in off/non-farm activities	Participant	63	36.42	73	42.2	136	39.31	1.21
Engagement in off/non-farm activities	Non-participant	110	63.58	100	57.8	210	60.69	1.21
Membership to cooperatives	Member	88	50.87	115	66.67	203	58.67	8.64***
Membership to cooperatives	Non-member	85	49.13	58	33.53	143	41.33	8.64***
Network with migrants/returnees	Have network	115	66.47	76	43.93	191	55.2	17.78***
Network with migrants/returnees	Have no network	58	33.53	97	56.07	155	44.8	17.78***
Peer/family influence	Influenced	130	75.14	91	52.6	221	63.87	19.05***
Peer/family influence	Not influenced	43	24.86	82	47.4	125	36.13	19.05***