Table 4 Multivariate analysis or migrant worker welfare conditions in Qatar. Presented in adjusted odds ratios

Demographic

Education (base: primary or less)

 Secondary

1.074 (0.797–1.449)

1.000 (0.719–1.391)

0.820 (0.625–1.076)

1.338** (1.051–1.705)

 Post-secondary

1.251 (0.770–2.033)

1.008 (0.571–1.779)

0.856 (0.549–1.336)

2.399*** (1.600–3.597)

Age category (base: under 25)

 25–34

1.045 (0.587–1.860)

0.573 (0.221–1.483)

0.706 (0.392–1.270)

1.048 (0.615–1.783)

 35–44

0.949 (0.520–1.733)

0.420* (0.159–1.110)

0.698 (0.380–1.282)

0.911 (0.516–1.606)

 Age 45+ (yes)

1.084 (0.569–2.065)

0.367* (0.130–1.037)

0.749 (0.394–1.424)

0.918 (0.500–1.688)

Years of living/working in Qatar (base: 0–2 years)

 3–4 years

0.887 (0.631–1.246)

1.006 (0.717–1.413)

1.423** (1.049–1.931)

0.945 (0.696–1.282)

 5–6 years

1.106 (0.764–1.600)

1.082 (0.700–1.674)

1.817*** (1.270–2.600)

0.852 (0.610–1.189)

 7+ years

1.219 (0.836–1.779)

1.974*** (1.269–3.070)

1.183 (0.820–1.706)

0.738* (0.530–1.028)

Nationality (base: Egypt)

 Philippines

0.158*** (0.0469–0.532)

0.433 (0.0815–2.303)

0.617 (0.207–1.837)

0.122*** (0.0303–0.492)

 India

0.345* (0.117–1.024)

0.682 (0.169–2.754)

0.819 (0.296–2.270)

0.190*** (0.0547–0.663)

 Pakistan

0.481 (0.144–1.611)

0.407 (0.0879–1.887)

0.937 (0.292–3.003)

0.297* (0.0810–1.091)

 Sri Lanka

0.267** (0.0791–0.899)

0.432 (0.0969–1.931)

0.397 (0.124–1.269)

0.0979*** (0.0258–0.371)

 Bangladesh

0.288** (0.0952–0.872)

0.586 (0.144–2.385)

1.124 (0.397–3.185)

0.130*** (0.0365–0.461)

 Nepal

0.345* (0.114–1.042)

0.529 (0.133–2.104)

0.920 (0.323–2.626)

0.171*** (0.0486–0.601)

 Other

0.227** (0.0710–0.728)

0.289 (0.0609–1.377)

0.535 (0.173–1.655)

0.0908*** (0.0228–0.362)

Employment

Occupation (base: construction worker)

 Service worker

0.884 (0.627–1.247)

1.232 (0.775–1.959)

1.145 (0.801–1.637)

1.195 (0.830–1.721)

 Other

0.857 (0.635–1.157)

1.230 (0.850–1.779)

0.955 (0.693–1.316)

1.100 (0.834–1.452)

Work environment (base: mostly outdoors)

 Mostly indoors

1.171 (0.886–1.547)

1.310 (0.905–1.895)

1.233 (0.904–1.683)

1.019 (0.765–1.356)

 Equally outdoors/indoors

0.912 (0.663–1.253)

1.196 (0.805–1.777)

1.132 (0.828–1.548)

0.982 (0.733–1.317)

 Work on rest day (yes)

0.755* (0.567–1.004)

0.732* (0.535–1.000)

0.775** (0.609–0.987)

0.801* (0.624–1.028)

 Work hours per day (10+)

1.200 (0.868–1.657)

1.020 (0.670–1.552)

0.736* (0.538–1.006)

0.819 (0.607–1.105)

Living conditions

 Air conditioning

3.044*** (1.828–5.070)

3.355*** (1.974–5.703)

2.059*** (1.338–3.169)

1.227 (0.783–1.922)

 Number of beds in room

1.001 (0.961–1.043)

0.986 (0.940–1.033)

0.995 (0.951–1.041)

0.988 (0.945–1.032)

Health and benefits

 Medical insurance? (yes)

2.587*** (1.877–3.565)

2.487*** (1.686–3.668)

1.126 (0.785–1.616)

2.043*** (1.410–2.960)

 Difficulties med. care (yes)

0.560*** (0.431–0.729)

0.408*** (0.295–0.564)

0.683*** (0.530–0.882)

0.834 (0.651–1.070)

 Non-salary benefits (yes)

3.220*** (2.242–4.624)

0.848 (0.527–1.364)

1.055 (0.705–1.579)

0.621** (0.409–0.942)

Financial

Current basic monthly salary range (base: less than $411)

 $411–$1095

0.967 (0.691–1.353)

0.838 (0.557–1.260)

1.311 (0.907–1.895)

1.415** (1.048–1.912)

 $1096 or greater

2.793** (1.108–7.044)

0.788 (0.269–2.314)

1.665 (0.773–3.586)

2.980*** (1.327–6.692)

 Salary on-time (yes)

2.106*** (1.380–3.215)

1.728** (1.089–2.742)

2.010*** (1.315–3.071)

1.063 (0.668–1.691)

 Pay to obtain job (yes)

0.911 (0.686–1.208)

0.665** (0.470–0.940)

0.778* (0.598–1.013)

0.732** (0.569–0.942)

Remittance sent annually (base: less than $3845 USD)

 More than $3845

1.402** (1.060–1.854)

1.758*** (1.186–2.606)

1.199 (0.870–1.652)

1.182 (0.928–1.506)

Contracts and passports

 Job same as contract (yes)

2.521*** (1.900–3.345)

1.681*** (1.184–2.385)

1.100 (0.826–1.464)

1.364** (1.036–1.795)

Who holds your passport? (base: myself)

 Employer or sponsor

0.934 (0.681–1.281)

0.599*** (0.426–0.843)

0.702** (0.531–0.927)

0.679*** (0.520–0.886)

 Copy of contract? (Yes)

1.997*** (1.543–2.583)

1.785*** (1.313–2.426)

1.424*** (1.110–1.828)

1.891*** (1.484–2.409)

Survey

Year (base: 2017)

 2018

1.599** (1.076–2.377)

0.935 (0.554–1.579)

0.416*** (0.275–0.630)

3.230*** (2.171–4.807)

 2019

0.629** (0.412–0.960)

1.410 (0.812–2.448)

1.012(0.661–1.550)

5.613*** (3.737–8.430)

 2021

1.864*** (1.208–2.877)

2.012** (1.092–3.706)

1.237 (0.794–1.929)

5.173*** (3.373–7.933)

Constant

0.086*** (0.0207–0.358)

1.784 (0.282–11.27)

1.643 (0.386–6.986)

1.499 (0.311–7.218)

Observations

2950

3002

2996

2973