Table 4 Multilevel regression analysis of employment gap between non-EU-28 migrants (by citizenship) and country nationals

Intercept

− 0.08

(0.18)

− 0.18

(0.22)

− 0.32

(0.28)

Clusters (ref. = Cluster 1)

 Cluster 2

0.42**

(0.14)

–

–

Degree of urbanisation (ref. = intermediate)

 Predominantly rural

− 0.07

(0.11)

− 0.12

(0.14)

0.41*

(0.17)

 Predominantly urban

0.12

(0.12)

0.02

(0.13)

0.72**

(0.22)

MIPEX: Overall

− 0.34**

(0.11)

− 0.44**

(0.15)

− 0.17

(0.15)

MIPEX: Change 2019–2014

0.20

(0.14)

0.41*

(0.19)

0.02

(0.21)

MIPEX: Labour market integration

− 0.36*

(0.17)

− 0.38*

(0.15)

− 0.25

(0.16)

Control variables at regional level

 GDP in PPS

0.04

(0.07)

− 0.08

(0.07)

− 0.37

(0.23)

 Net migration

0.06

(0.06)

0.09

(0.07)

0.29**

(0.10)

 Total population

0.14*

(0.06)

− 0.01

(0.07)

0.34***

(0.09)

 Share foreign born

0.05

(0.06)

0.06

(0.06)

− 0.20

(0.15)

 RCI

− 0.15

(0.11)

0.38**

(0.13)

− 0.60**

(0.20)

 Education gap non-EU-28 migrants/natives

0.11

(0.09)

0.14

(0.08)

0.09

(0.11)

 Share of female non-EU-28-migrants

0.03

(0.05)

0.04

(0.06)

0.01

(0.05)