Table 3 Study 1. Stepwise models predicting national majority members’ threat perceptions at the individual level as dependent variable using ESS Round 8 or 9 from immigrant political participation at the country level as independent variable using ESS Round 8 and 9
Null model | Level 1 control | Level 2 control | Immigrant participation (H1) | Political orientation interaction (H2) | Immigrant presence interaction (H3) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Individual level variables | ||||||
Age | 0.01(0.00)*** | 0.01(0.00)*** | 0.01(0.00)*** | 0.01(0.00)*** | 0.01(0.00)*** | |
Gender | 0.00(0.04) | 0.00(0.04) | 0.00(0.04) | 0.02(0.03) | 0.00(0.04) | |
Education | − 0.06(0.00)*** | − 0.06(0.00)*** | − 0.06(0.00)*** | − 0.050(.01)*** | − 0.06(0.00)*** | |
Political orientation | 0.11(0.03)*** | 0.11(0.03)*** | 0.11(0.03)*** | 0.11(0.03)*** | 0.11(0.03)*** | |
Residual variance | 4.43(.21)*** | 3.95(0.18)*** | 3.95(0.18)*** | 3.95(0.18)*** | 3.83(0.17)*** | 3.95(0.18)*** |
Country level variables | ||||||
Immigrant % | − 0.04(0.02)* | − 0.02(0.02) | − 0.02(0.02) | − 0.02 (0.02) | ||
Immigrant participation ESS | − 1.15(0.15)*** | − 1.16(0.15)*** | − 1.15(0.15)*** | |||
Immigrant participation ESS X Political orientation | 0.10(0.04)* | |||||
Immigrant participation ESS X Immigrant % | − 0.00(0.03) | |||||
Residual variance | 0.76(0.16)*** | 0.73(0.17)*** | 0.66(0.15)*** | 0.30(0.09)*** | 0.31(0.09)*** | 0.30(0.09)*** |
Model fit | ||||||
Nr of parameters | 3 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 11 | 10 |
− 2 loglikelihood | 185,455.40 | 154,501.20 | 154,498.38 | 154,478.40 | 153,443.28 | 154,478.40 |
Akaike (AIC) | 185,461.40 | 154,515.20 | 154,514.37 | 154,496.40 | 153,465.28 | 154,498.40 |
Bayesian (BIC) | 185,487.40 | 154,574.76 | 154,582.45 | 154,572.98 | 153,558.88 | 154,583.49 |
Sample-Size Adjusted BIC | 185,477.86 | 154,552.52 | 154,557.03 | 154,544.38 | 153,523.93 | 154,551.71 |