Table 4 Study 1. Stepwise models predicting national majority members’ immigration policy preferences at the individual level as dependent variables using ESS Round 8 or 9 from immigrant political participation at the country level as independent variable using ESS Round 8 and 9
Null model | L1 model | Level 2 control | Immigrant participation (H1) | Political orientation interaction (H2) | Immigrant presence interaction (H3) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Individual level variables | ||||||
Age | 0.01(0.00)*** | 0.01(0.00)*** | 0.01(0.00)*** | 0.01(0.00)*** | 0.01(0.00)*** | |
Gender | − 0.04(0.01)*** | − 0.04(0.01)*** | − 0.04(0.01)*** | − 0.03(0.01)** | − 0.04(0.01)*** | |
Education | − 0.02(0.00)*** | − 0.02(0.00)*** | − 0.02(0.00)*** | − 0.02(0.00)*** | − 0.02(0.00)*** | |
Political orientation | 0.05(0.01)*** | 0.05(0.01)*** | 0.05(0.01)*** | 0.05(0.01)*** | 0.05(0.01)*** | |
Residual variance | 0.57(0.03)*** | 0.50(0.02)*** | 0.50(0.02)*** | 0.50(0.02)*** | 0.49(0.02)*** | 0.50(0.02)*** |
Country level variables | ||||||
Immigrant % | − 0.02 (0.01)* | − 0.01(0.01)** | − 0.01(0.01)* | − 00.02 (00.01)* | ||
Immigrant participation ESS | − 0.46(0.06)*** | − 0.47(0.06)*** | − 0.46(0.06)*** | |||
Immigrant participation ESS X Political orientation | 0.03(0.01)* | |||||
Immigrant participation ESS X Immigrant % | − 0.02 (0.01) | |||||
Residual Variance | 0.13(0.03)*** | 0.12(0.03)*** | 0.10 (0.02)*** | 0.04(0.01)*** | 0.04(0.01)*** | 0.04(0.01)*** |
Model fit | ||||||
Nr of parameters | 3 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 11 | 10 |
− 2 loglikelihood | 97,305.49 | 78,574.21 | 78,569.2 | 78,545.52 | 77,839.97 | 78,544.24 |
Akaike (AIC) | 97,311.49 | 78,588.21 | 78,585.19 | 78,563.52 | 77,861.97 | 78,564.25 |
Bayesian (BIC) | 97,337.47 | 78,647.75 | 78,653.24 | 78,640.07 | 77,955.53 | 78,649.30 |
Sample-size adjusted BIC | 97,327.94 | 78,625.50 | 78,627.81 | 78,611.47 | 77,929.57 | 78,617.52 |