Table 5 Study 2. Stepwise models predicting national majority members’ threat perceptions at the individual level as dependent variables using ESS Round 9 from immigrant political participation at the cantonal level as independent variable using ESS 9
Null model | L1 Model | L2 control | L2 model: participation (H1) | Political orientation interaction (H2) | Immigrant presence interaction (H3) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Individual level variables | ||||||
Age | − 0.01(0.00)* | − 0.01(0.00)* | − 0.01(0.00)† | − 0.01(0.00)† | − 0.01(0.00) | |
Gender | 0.17(0.08)* | 0.17(0.08)* | 0.12(0.09) | 0.13(0.11) | 0.12(0.08) | |
Education | − 0.05(0.01)*** | − 0.05(0.01)*** | − 0.05(0.01)*** | − 0.05(0.01)*** | − 0.05(0.01)*** | |
Political orientation | 0.28(0.02)*** | 0.28(0.02)*** | 0.27(0.02)*** | 0.26(0.02)*** | 0.27(0.03)*** | |
Residual variance | 2.78(0.13)*** | 2.37(0.11)*** | 2.38(0.12)*** | 2.37(0.11)*** | 2.36(0.11)*** | 2.37(0.12)*** |
Cantonal level variables | ||||||
Immigrant % | − 0.03(0.01)*** | − 0.03(0.01)*** | − 0.03(0.01)** | − 0.03(0.01)*** | ||
Immigrant participation ESS | − 0.58 (0.24)* | − 0.62(0.26)* | − 0.62(0.29)* | |||
Immigrant participation ESS X political orientation | − 0.19(0.11)† | |||||
Immigrant participation ESS X immigrant % | 0.03(0.03) | |||||
Residual variance | 0.14(0.06)* | 0.08(0.02)* | 0.01(0.02) | 0.00(0.00) | 0.00(0.04) | 0.00(0.04) |
Model fit | ||||||
Nr of parameters | 3 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 11 | 10 |
− 2 loglikelihood | 4096.50 | 3712.68 | 3701.84 | 3693.46 | 3689.01 | 3691.73 |
Akaike (AIC) | 4102.51 | 3726.68 | 3717.84 | 3711.46 | 3711.01 | 3711.73 |
Bayesian (BIC) | 4117.39 | 3761.02 | 3757.08 | 3755.61 | 3764.98 | 3760.79 |
Sample-size adjusted BIC | 4107.86 | 3738.79 | 3731.68 | 3727.03 | 3730.04 | 3729.03 |