Fig. 1

Whom the population think about when they think about immigrants. All categories in Panel A fall under the official definition of ‘migration background’ in Switzerland: “citizens from European countries”, “citizens from non-European countries”, and “Swiss-born children of non-Swiss citizens” (‘second generation’). The wording in panel B is slightly ambiguous (“a person from [Germany]”), but this cannot explain differences between ‘Western’ and ‘non-Western’ countries of origin. Higher scores in panel B capture a stronger association with ‘immigrant’. Switzerland, 2016, N = 368 respondents