Europeanization and the Negotiation of a New Labour Migration Policy in Germany
The Goodness of Fit Approach Revisited
Comparative Migration Studies volume 2, pages 469–492 (2014)
Abstract
The article focuses on the negotiation of a new labour migration policy in Germany in the years 2011 and 2012, and on the role that actors on both the regional and the European Union levels played in encouraging the introduction of a more open labour migration framework. Up until now, research has highlighted the German use of the European level for introducing more restrictive changes in migration policy. In line with these precedents, during the negotiation of a European policy for admitting highly-skilled migrants, Germany advocated a restrictive framework. However, at the transposition of the EU directive on highly-skilled migrants in national law, the German government used the directive as an opportunity to introduce a paradigm change in labour migration policies, establishing a significantly more open labour migration policy hitherto exclusively associated with Anglo-Saxon countries. The article will analyse the preconditions for this change, assessing the value of the goodness-of-fit approach for understanding processes of Europeanization.
References
Basse, S., Burbaum, A.M. & Richard, C. (2011). Das »zweite Richtlinienumsetzungsgesetz« im Überblick [An Overview on the Second Directives’ Implementation Law]. Zeitschrift für Ausländerrecht und Ausländerpolitik, 11/12, pp. 361–368.
Bendel, P. (2011a). Asylum and migration policy. In: Heinelt, H. & Knodt, M. (Eds.). Policies within the EU multi-level system. Instruments and strategies of European governance. Baden-Baden: Nomos, pp. 371–385.
Bendel, P., Ette, A. & Parkes R. (Eds.). (2011b). The Europeanization of control: venues and outcomes of EU justice and home affairs cooperation. Berlin/Münster: Lit.
Börzel, T.A., & Risse, T. (2003). Conceptualizing the Domestic Impact of Europe. In: Featherstone K. & Radaelli C.M. (Eds.). The Politics of Europeanization. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 57–80.
Bundesministerium für Arbeit und Soziales (2010). Allianz zur Beratung der Bundesregierung in Fragen des Arbeitskräftebedarfs [Alliance for the Consultation of the Federal Government Regarding Labour Demands]. Retrieved from http://www.bmas.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/PDF-Publikationen/a165-allianz-zur-beratung-der-bundesregierung.pdf?__blob=publicationFile
Bundesrat (2007). Retrieved from http://www.bundesrat.de/nn_264150/DE/presse/pm/2007/197-2007.html
Bundesrat (2012, February 7). Stellungnahme des Bundesrates [Statement of the Bundesrat], Drucksache 848/11.
Collett, E. (2008). The Proposed European Blue Card System, Arming for the Global War in Talent? Retrieved from http://www.migrationinformation.org/Feature/display.cfm?id=667l
Duina, F. (1997). Explaining Legal Implementation in the European Union. International Journal of the Sociology of Law, 25(2), pp. 155–180.
Duina, F. (2007). Domestic Actors and Europeanization: Why ‘Fit’ Still Matters. Comparative European Politics, 5, pp. 339–341.
Ette, A. & Faist, T. (2007). The Europeanization of national policies and politics of immigration: Research, question and concepts. In Faist, T. & Ette, A. (Eds.). The Europeanization of national policies and politics of immigration. Between autonomy and the European Union. Basingstoke [England]; New York: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 3–31.
European Commission (2001). Proposal for a council directive on the conditions of entry and residence of third-country nationals for the purpose of paid employment and self-employed economic activities. COM (2001) final 386.
European Commission (2005, January 11). Green paper on an EU approach to managing economic migration. COM 811 final.
European Commission (2008, June 17). Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions — A common immigration policy for Europe: Principles, actions and tools. COM 2008 359 final.
FDP attackiert Seehofer [FDP attacks Seehofer]. (2010, October 19). Süddeutsche Zeitung. p. 1.
Featherstone, K. (2003). Introduction: In The Name of Europe. In: Featherstone, K. & Radaelli, C.M. (Eds.). (2003). The politics of Europeanization. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 3–27.
Featherstone, K. & Radaelli, C.M. (Eds.). (2003). The politics of Europeanization. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Geddes, A. (2003). Still Beyond Fortress Europe? Patterns and Pathways in EU Migration Policy. Belfast: Queens University.
González, C., Parkes, R., Sorroza, A. & Ette, A. (2013). The EU Performance in the Global Competition for Highly-Skilled Migrants. Retrieved from http://www.notre-europe.eu/media/highlyskilledmigrants-gonzalezzparkessorrozaette-ne-jdi-feb13.pdf?pdf=ok
Gsir, S. (2013). EU Labour Immigration Policy: Discourses and Mobility. Refugee Survey Quarterly, 32(4), pp. 90–111.
Guiraudon, V. (2000). European Integration and Migration Policy: Vertical Policy-making as Venue Shopping. Journal of Common Market Studies, 38(2), pp. 251–271.
Hellmann, G., Baumann, R., Bösche, M., Herborth, B. & Wagner, W. (2005). De-Europeanization by Default? Germany’s EU Policy in Defense and Asylum. Foreign Policy Analysis, 1(1), pp. 143–164.
Héritier, A. (2005). Europeanization East and West. A Comparative Assessment. In: Schimmelfennig, F. & Sedelmaier, U. (Eds.), The Europeanization of Central and Eastern Europe, Ithaca/New York: Cornell University Press.
Hinte, H., Rinne, U., Zimmermann, K.F. (2011). Ein Punktesystem zur bedarfsorientierten Steuerung der Zuwanderung nach Deutschland [A Points-Based System for Managing Demand-Oriented Immigration to Germany], IZA research report no. 34.
Höll, S. & Öchsner, Th. (2010, December 8). Bildung statt Zuwanderung. SPD fordert 20-Milliarden-Plan gegen Fachkräftemangel [Education Instead of Immigration. SPD Demands a 20-Billion-Plan Against Labour Shortages]. Süddeutsche Zeitung.
Horst Seeehofer hat einen Sieben-Punkte-Plan [Horst Seehofer has a Seven-Point-plan]. Die Welt (2010, October, 16). Retrieved from http://www.welt.de/politik/deutschland/article10330902/Horst-Seehofer-hat-einen-Sieben-Punkte-Plan.html
IHK Region Stuttgart (2011, October, 5). Jeder zweite Betrieb kann offene Stellen nicht besetzen [Every Second Company Cannot Fill Open Positions]. 49/11.
Innenminister der Länder gegen Blue Card [Ministers of Interior Against Blue Card] (2007, December 8). Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, p. 2.
Kolb, Holger (2014a). Vom ‘restriktiven Außenseiter’ zum ‘liberalen Musterland’ — Der deutsche Politikwechsel in der Arbeitsmigrationspolitik [From A ‘Restrictive Maverick’ to a ‘Liberal Role Model’ — The Policy Change in German Labour Migration Policy]. In: Rüb, Friedbert (Eds.), Rapide Politikwechsel in der Bundesrepublik. Theoretischer Rahmen und empirische Befunde, Baden-Baden: /Nomos/, pp. 71–92.
Kolb, Holger (2014b). When Extremes Change. German and Canadian Labour Migration Policy Compared. Comparative Migration Studies, 2(1), pp. 57–75.
Kosc, P. (2013, September). Domestic adaptation and modalities of the implementation of the Blue Card directive. Paper presented at the European Consortium for Political Research 7th General Conference, Bordeaux, France.
Landtag Sachsen (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.landtag.sachsen.de/dokumente/sab/20110114-Statistik
Laubenthal, Barbara (2012). Labour migration governance in contemporary Europe. The case of Germany. April 2012. Torino: FIERI.
Mastenbroek, E. & Kaeding, M. (2006). Europeanization Beyond the Goodness of Fit: Domestic Politics in the Forefront. Comparative European Politics, 4(4), pp. 331–354.
Meyer, N.Y. (2010). The European Union blue card directive: What were the main reasons to introduce the EU Blue Card directive and what was the final result after two years of political debate? (Bachelor thesis). University of Twente. School of Management and Governance.
Newsletter Migration und Bevölkerung. (2010). no. 7.
OECD (2013). Recruiting Immigrant Workers: Germany 2013, OECD Publishing.
Papademetriou, D. & Sumption, M. (2011, June). Rethinking Points Systems and Employer-Selected Immigration.. Washington DC: Migration Policy Institute.
Preuß, R (2011a, June 3). Akademiker für Deutschland. Berlin will den Zuzug ausländischer Fachkräfte erleichtern [University Graduates for Germany. Berlin Wants to Make Immigration of Foreign Qualified Workers Easier]. Süddeutsche Zeitung, p. 19.
Preuß, R. (2011b, May, 12). Kritik an Fachkräfte-Plan. Justizministerin attackiert Papier der Bundesregierung [Criticism on the Plan for Qualified Workers. Minister of Justice Attacks the Federal Government]. Süddeutsche Zeitung, p. 5.
Prümm, K. & Alscher, S. (2007). From model to average student: the Europeanization of migration policy and politics in Germany. In: Faist, T. & Ette, A. (Eds.). The Europeanization of national policies and politics of immigration. Between autonomy and the European Union. Basingstoke [England]; New York: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 73–92.
Radaelli, C. (2003). The Europeanization of Public Policy. In: Featherstone, K. & Radaelli, C. (Eds.). The Politics of Europeanization. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 27–56.
Risse, T., Caporaso, J. & Green Cowles, M. (2001). Europeanization and Domestic Change. Introduction. In: Green Cowles, M., Caporaso, J. A. & Risse-Kappen, T. (Eds.). Transforming Europe: Europeanization and Domestic Change. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, pp. 1–20
Sachverständigenrat deutscher Stiftungen für Integration und Migration (SVR). (2014). Deutschlands Wandel zum modernen Einwanderungsland. Jahresgutachten 2014 mit Migrationsbarometer [Germany’s Change Towards a Modern Immigration Country. Annual Report 2014]. Retrieved from http://www.svr-migration.de/content/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/SVR_JG_2014_WEB.pdf
Sachverständigenrat deutscher Stiftungen für Integration und Migration (SVR). (2011). Migrationsland 2011. Jahresgutachten 2011 mit Migrationsbarometer [Migration Country 2011. Annual Report 2011]. Retrieved from http://www.svr-migration.de/content/wp-content/uploads/2011/04/jg_2011.pdf
Scharnitzky, Ralf (2011, July 23). Arbeitskräfte dringend gesucht [Workers Urgently Needed]. Süddeutsche Zeitung, p. R20.
Von Weizsäcker, J. (2006). Welcome to Europe: A European Blue Card Proposal. Retrieved from http://www.bruegel.org/publications/publication-detail/publication/48-welcome-to-europe/
Windhoff-Héritier, A., Kerwer, D., Knill, C., Lehmkuhl, D., Teutsch, M. & Douillet, A.-C. (2001). Differential Europe. The European union impact on national policymaking. Lanham, Md: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.
Wirtschaftsministerkonferenz. (2012, July 18). Beschluss-Sammlung der Wirtschaftsministerkonferenz am 04./05.06.2012 auf Schloss Krickenbeck [Collection of resolutions of the conference of Ministers of Economy], Berlin.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits use, duplication, adaptation, distribution, and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.
About this article
Cite this article
Laubenthal, B. Europeanization and the Negotiation of a New Labour Migration Policy in Germany. CMS 2, 469–492 (2014). https://doi.org/10.5117/CMS2014.4.LAUB
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5117/CMS2014.4.LAUB
Keywords
- Europeanization
- labour migration
- highly-skilled migration
- European Union
- federalism